This document summarizes the process used to generate two full engine fuel consumption maps for a Volkswagen 1.5L TSI evo Hybrid-optimised Concept Engine 4 as presented in Brannys, Gehrke, Hoffmeyer, Hentschel, Blumenroder, Helbing & Dinkelacker (2019). “Maximum Efficiency Concept of a 1.5l TSI evo for Future Hybrid Powertrains.” in 28th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen. The engine chosen for this work is described in detail in Section 4.4 with the application of an external low-pressure EGR-system adapted to the hybrid-optimised engine referred to as concept engine 4. The fuel consumption map is shown in Figure 26 of the paper and was utilized in the creation of these two ALPHA maps.
Map #1 is based on fuel information provided in the paper which referred to using “super-plus (RON 98) fuel”. This RON value is consistent with a European fuel with zero alcohol content, which is similar to the U.S. Tier 2 E0 fuel previously used in EPA GHG and fuel economy compliance testing. Map #2 is based on a Tier 3 Regular specified fuel and incorporates an octane-based fuel consumption modification. EPA’s proposed Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles specifies that Tier 3 E10 fuel shall be used for all criteria, GHG, and fuel economy testing. In support of the new requirement, this second full ALPHA engine map using Tier 3 Regular fuel was estimated based on the difference in fuel octane between the test fuel and Tier 3 Regular fuel, as described in further detail below in the section titled Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification.
These two full ALPHA engine maps define the complete operating boundaries of the engine which are needed for ALPHA modeling including idle, WOT, minimum torque, and maximum speed.
SUGGESTED CITATION:
VW 1.5L TSI evo Hybrid Concept 4 Engine from 2019 Aachen Paper - ALPHA Map Package. Version 2023-09. Ann Arbor MI: US EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, National Center for Advanced Technology, 2023.
Engine Physical Characteristics
Set physical characteristics based on published information in Brannys, Gehrke, Hoffmeyer, Hentschel, Blumenroder, Helbing & Dinkelacker (2019). “Maximum Efficiency Concept of a 1.5l TSI evo for Future Hybrid Powertrains.” in 28th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen. Several of the physical dimensions of the base EA211 engine were not specified in the Aachen paper, but were provided in a Motor Reviewer reference article located at https://www.motorreviewer.com/engine.php?engine_id=117.
engine.name = 'VW 1.5L TSI evo Hybrid Concept 4 Engine from 2019 Aachen Paper'; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.displacement_L = 1.5; engine.num_cylinders = 4; engine.bore_mm = 74.5; engine.stroke_mm = 85.9; engine.compression_ratio = 15; % 15:1 as stated in the Aachen paper for the concept engine
Test Data
Import the specific fuel consumption map image data provided in Figure 26 of the reference Aachen paper. The map was digitized by loading the image into MATLAB and manually tracing the efficiency contours.
test_data = load('Extracted_Data_Engine4'); fuel_data{1}.name = 'BSFC Image Points'; fuel_data{1}.speed_rpm = test_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,1); fuel_data{1}.torque_Nm = test_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,2); fuel_data{1}.bsfc_gpkWhr = test_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,3);
Maximum Torque (WOT) Curve Data
Estimate curve from rated torque and power points from shown in Figure 26 of the reference Aachen paper.
WOT_data.speed_rpm = test_data.WOT_Speed_Torque(:,1); WOT_data.torque_Nm = test_data.WOT_Speed_Torque(:,2);
Minimum Torque (Zero Accelerator Pedal) Curve Data
Utilize a default minimum torque curve which is scaled by engine displacement, since there is no available data.
Fuel Properties for Map #1
Load the fuel properties estimated from the information provided in the paper. The fuel’s lower heating value (LHV) of 42.52 was calculated from the engine’s peak 204 BSFC & 41.5 BTE values provided on page 118 of the reference Aachen paper.
engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel(); engine.fuel.description = 'Estimated VW 1.5L TSI evo Concept 4 Engine test fuel derived from the Aachen paper'; engine.fuel.density_kgpL_15C = 0.740088832; % % Fuel density estimate for an E0 fuel at 15 degrees Celsius (MTE_GASOLINE) engine.fuel.energy_density_MJpkg = 42.52; % Calculated using peak BSFC & BTE values provided in the reference Aachen paper engine.fuel.research_octane_number = 98.0; % Research octane number (RON) from the reference Aachen paper engine.fuel.alcohol_pct_vol = 0; % Percentage Ethanol or other alcohols by volume (assumed based on LHV value)
Idle Speed
Idle speed data was not available in the reference Aachen paper so the minimum speed data is assumed to be the average idle speed of similar engines which is typically 600-700 RPM.
engine.idle_target_speed_radps = 650 * unit_convert.rpm2radps ;
Engine Build for Simulation in ALPHA
Construct the ALPHA engine, combining all of the above inputs. Fit the fueling data onto a grid for simple interpolation and establish points that represent the maximum and minimum engine torque versus speed. Confirm the quality of fit between the input data and the resulting engine description by examining the resulting plots.
engine = REVS_build_engine(engine, fuel_data,'WOT',WOT_data, 'plot_bsfc','plot_efficiency');
Idle Fuel Verification
Confirm appropriate fuel consumption near idle conditions.
REVS_check_idle_fuel(engine)
Estimated idle fuel consumption @ 650 RPM & 24.7 Nm: 0.171 g/sec => Indicated Efficiency: 36.1% Warning: Idle fuel consumption is below expected range [0.176 - 0.229]
Fuel Map Linearity
Confirm expected trends in output fuel map, specifically in regions where test data is unavailable.
REVS_plot_engine_fuel_linearity(engine)
File Description
Generate and write the created ALPHA engine definition into a file for use in later simulations.
engine.write_mscript('engine_VW_1L5_TSI_evo_Hybrid_Concept4_paper_image.m');
Engine Build: engine_VW_1L5_TSI_evo_Hybrid_Concept4_paper_image.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION
% Generated 25-Sep-2023 09:23:28
% Constructor
engine = class_REVS_engine();
engine.name = 'VW 1.5L TSI evo Hybrid Concept 4 Engine from 2019 Aachen Paper';
engine.source_filename = mfilename;
engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present;
% Physical Description
engine.displacement_L = 1.5;
engine.num_cylinders = 4;
engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition;
engine.compression_ratio = 15;
engine.bore_mm = 74.5;
engine.stroke_mm = 85.9;
% Maximum Torque Curve
engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 86.584924878581461 ; 104.45306647121383 ; 127.92167030952929 ; 158.05749119675107 ; 175.65894408857764 ; 210.06178382217320 ; 231.13018956267589 ; 250.33177455461757 ; 418.34564307702743 ; 458.88232251027762 ; 481.82643863579153 ; 504.77055476130545 ];
engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 75.678392000000002 ; 98.994975000000011 ; 121.30653250000000 ; 160.90452249999998 ; 177.98994950000002 ; 205.32663350000001 ; 217.78894500000001 ; 220.20100500000001 ; 220.60301500000000 ; 214.17085400000002 ; 183.57501771428574 ; 0.0000000000000000 ];
engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 504.77055476130545 ];
engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 107.42958658702935 107.42958658702935 ];
% Minimum Torque Curve
engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 504.77055476130545 ; 733.03828583761833 ];
engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -11.963636363636365 ; -26.298382881204969 ; -30.940805307063979 ];
% Fuel Map
engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 24.054479271641839 ; 48.108958543283677 ; 72.163437814925516 ; 96.217917086567354 ; 110.17646365311489 ; 120.68053745272778 ; 137.03244055371584 ; 147.98511843379339 ; 162.07921113770038 ; 180.55593949186317 ; 194.24962774891236 ; 199.23117348274479 ; 215.80439287180440 ; 232.54366385964704 ; 238.13321366514725 ; 252.29912211889246 ; 269.71046559213073 ; 290.99923581968289 ; 309.70105563145296 ; 322.26440450117832 ; 335.07956774501201 ; 351.72608097568400 ; 375.08858063138382 ; 399.25939424953697 ; 415.76236111005107 ; 433.28718350433974 ; 450.24998535205691 ; 455.05270636115267 ; 465.31383902216760 ; 504.77055476130545 ];
engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -34.163181818181819 ; -7.8890442805194816 ; 18.385093257142856 ; 33.605260749999999 ; 42.293850979166663 ; 50.982441208333327 ; 58.528427982758629 ; 66.912857631944433 ; 76.551467944444454 ; 84.119684616071424 ; 93.088071166666651 ; 102.94732440624999 ; 110.70234099999999 ; 117.56781862500000 ; 128.78643099999999 ; 134.24749144999998 ; 141.11854344444441 ; 146.98996679999999 ; 153.54515060000000 ; 159.86622083333333 ; 164.43701233333334 ; 168.56187299999999 ; 172.57525100000001 ; 177.25752499999999 ; 181.54960966666667 ; 185.17279833333333 ; 189.91081383333332 ; 193.47826087499999 ; 198.36120390000002 ; 207.98274960526314 ; 215.21739114285714 ; 218.00445966666666 ; 231.63316575000002 ];
engine.fuel_map_gps = [
-0.013470711871005516 -0.050717806339553875 -0.075851523200629142 -0.091143702677884519 -0.10610966180609954 -0.11459170205906875 -0.12089243570599727 -0.13051570822728020 -0.13679671863444126 -0.14467391737452293 -0.15446894839443071 -0.16127155670528462 -0.16368345390889547 -0.17141797495430888 -0.17843561777734365 -0.18064510239328066 -0.18597023350145331 -0.19159046245975025 -0.19665794291436450 -0.19935796340203288 -0.20045690437741961 -0.20111059919283469 -0.20118663078679261 -0.19951869775586945 -0.19580225432211390 -0.19260262162105060 -0.18886106574609898 -0.18502108830196781 -0.18391938057346197 -0.18155297697786979 -0.17207166522987355 ;
-0.0054135206332446475 -0.00015917502054225890 0.017548658153042847 0.034778858574703551 0.051169350993615963 0.060248760677516541 0.066930159327304548 0.077041074074657531 0.083630951569610076 0.091956488134437353 0.10274790802741376 0.11094712727360902 0.11398909793541151 0.12442401632169023 0.13591111752951479 0.13989360182679336 0.15029040053212550 0.16404524718142474 0.18291622691579862 0.20195310440465705 0.21602648678775824 0.23124357108031821 0.25233818719005358 0.28494227222111224 0.32268058808632760 0.35031116066303175 0.38087417686779484 0.41137736392220037 0.42007890055842201 0.43872648869076381 0.51206812335391449 ;
0.0035862922301682135 0.054200574348820370 0.10450387131860149 0.15406800237908719 0.20243986313471535 0.23041867318293277 0.25156087233441277 0.28399676769880428 0.30420742038583304 0.32862021594983881 0.35877559139871196 0.38140930145785285 0.38990778698988909 0.41971966683513662 0.45355581967061076 0.46525495651425014 0.49565044973533978 0.53326852847813788 0.57806879945790746 0.61827980179393471 0.64856606138437101 0.68043389909670460 0.72079995462972102 0.77411348944984082 0.83257833954423832 0.88015441380128923 0.93861945560208204 0.99914926163101692 1.0162831505733276 1.0526596637186372 1.1824024900909718 ;
0.019023142257654758 0.085999739073689851 0.15256500854742097 0.21800695295872746 0.28193967724312746 0.31894595539900861 0.34654180285057445 0.38794540076186407 0.41460755887325668 0.44836118248272849 0.49213611604506496 0.52511184527638299 0.53721511983359038 0.57807697239324740 0.62140265758862800 0.63645758224836591 0.67572391499207263 0.72691263925758154 0.79250386150794727 0.84866715870045040 0.88624152948058077 0.92544907197913773 0.97842521358059187 1.0557099688918175 1.1358056017424503 1.1948539608263593 1.2616133751691576 1.3282971268819337 1.3474744338769640 1.3883640443300866 1.5393691412148582 ;
0.030193668394441459 0.10496135731202304 0.17966788142729126 0.25383591224857988 0.32559629335956564 0.36627524007026502 0.39642441349271001 0.44194953389510166 0.47142928722897359 0.50858615022800546 0.55683547088930052 0.59366899448492405 0.60728523859521144 0.65363087744630566 0.70323709932978362 0.72025785855158020 0.76429051292359218 0.82072857396985899 0.89235371939583530 0.95672047559717555 1.0009131161167899 1.0468657763361737 1.1081726945459112 1.1974636337004418 1.2925942444284539 1.3602358768079736 1.4339780646074112 1.5070086434988483 1.5278835373923623 1.5723960818339588 1.7398106721391500 ;
0.043666004550805840 0.12494991901665130 0.20622108838675762 0.28711201777969125 0.36662839419266136 0.41179261812095846 0.44532145778691723 0.49637779851895769 0.52949646001085759 0.57092399704000596 0.62374465394541312 0.66532597053333153 0.68085420239192196 0.73417343584189476 0.79053119780300052 0.80966473861339683 0.85879729133706217 0.92095287476802279 0.99872858889499627 1.0692015739264951 1.1182222813994049 1.1701976374095051 1.2396250613915292 1.3396633701068914 1.4449631094069546 1.5194705451415784 1.6009789615806851 1.6814796393998308 1.7043239570641768 1.7531532211428940 1.9401209597308910 ;
0.057969629116935123 0.14393484480510960 0.22989324241705555 0.31574975558415302 0.40133768464035524 0.45076004948700832 0.48779852980207827 0.54496311001707365 0.58270749043071435 0.63065118167856438 0.69205487584501579 0.73936147584023892 0.75695239437492701 0.81707589526403934 0.88005515312392268 0.90123820462767712 0.95517566124424913 1.0222777765679663 1.1060654973897841 1.1821302046591926 1.2347779008742361 1.2900728568643347 1.3637850093070065 1.4705825866162354 1.5808356428606307 1.6596181797590726 1.7481438826677655 1.8351394182988252 1.8597796100777748 1.9124228523155447 2.1154208986441221 ;
0.077455893671968118 0.16786470383673577 0.25835240147214461 0.34913299599977460 0.44078601274629037 0.49479980693118619 0.53562337944354643 0.59898018886995497 0.64137774139513914 0.69638130139249010 0.76941438670190698 0.82476723552303222 0.84510651340306175 0.91351183900563393 0.98339731748866888 1.0068071680122976 1.0663101723217971 1.1404492494360998 1.2338734871951540 1.3191055637479492 1.3770202891746026 1.4361808759014201 1.5135848350944177 1.6254782275001771 1.7434782227836132 1.8274762911989340 1.9210660255693857 2.0124867075580535 2.0384504983915717 2.0940194753198256 2.3131947678897959 ;
0.10647600119698454 0.20146610409988147 0.29680232132678819 0.39316391291398539 0.49160122439679316 0.55023101373358474 0.59493006151279437 0.66558372675822308 0.71382459042736968 0.77687282057704532 0.86082549100875616 0.92334986516593431 0.94610505619153595 1.0218553457691568 1.0988497594750937 1.1247306142658582 1.1907853955128254 1.2739900634930423 1.3789989263923619 1.4732457077133445 1.5370057731178217 1.6022148525922362 1.6873272290881465 1.8091639216230264 1.9393476483981305 2.0307083836367390 2.1300661617901229 2.2278138600575192 2.2554822264209928 2.3146391799219894 2.5472460547327347 ;
0.13500239387141913 0.23363025280763602 0.33277281349357846 0.43355954869532115 0.53752230912792354 0.59922264616239884 0.64677057664891091 0.72324115506907760 0.77566240745392678 0.84407345679658796 0.93489032473131584 1.0021346829874080 1.0265485491252704 1.1076522733873146 1.1904227644987271 1.2182945108137861 1.2895300499976081 1.3793849948219998 1.4924624998100291 1.5932959229973340 1.6614759893520867 1.7312347538816102 1.8223306663931222 1.9512221747665284 2.0877316049177743 2.1858661360107718 2.2935546252571681 2.3989331691391373 2.4285689833194746 2.4917351290479193 2.7368036301178629 ;
0.17560020414483210 0.27895527751395754 0.38278899872801841 0.48828036169356359 0.59750661254881154 0.66343540601811457 0.71438740579279725 0.79653235764734287 0.85295621351318107 0.92660906461586401 1.0240146439276783 1.0963043322082904 1.1226387576057559 1.2105154523279931 1.3006692633887973 1.3310517357564886 1.4086230110240980 1.5056984255496724 1.6270068507797339 1.7352784777104022 1.8085557199563731 1.8836204514100092 1.9816300240438371 2.1197310575588633 2.2642653888996458 2.3693209167598503 2.4869347675858671 2.6033262081226800 2.6361232263310739 2.7059858667261905 2.9669896579070993 ;
0.22989708981482140 0.33949981343810298 0.44941718572633549 0.56058293972490914 0.67504824722658296 0.74403883193226061 0.79710127525040642 0.88238547360404962 0.94125882195973332 1.0185837361149839 1.1216035838623604 1.1995025098207586 1.2280454425211056 1.3238875802788830 1.4223962350350821 1.4554993422536471 1.5397870258084221 1.6445010915497873 1.7745187912639224 1.8906112862497737 1.9693493726621019 2.0501641962827857 2.1560369785559326 2.3073130652981027 2.4698131062412840 2.5856228402588526 2.7123422520535678 2.8363462784856006 2.8710312585185287 2.9447011914971468 3.2231471197482109 ;
0.27863005160887888 0.39393004716830554 0.50952106193515168 0.62604781602777004 0.74466114118922466 0.81498273521343434 0.86856180223558854 0.95343455057010884 1.0119476953815671 1.0898878880083205 1.1978718704836249 1.2809776818570919 1.3114698374270506 1.4138930719442295 1.5185423289298734 1.5535522361036902 1.6423968976323413 1.7523318191320723 1.8890203243219286 2.0116181747746960 2.0949627229078454 2.1806306497895345 2.2933313592826607 2.4560694089116555 2.6318642867121134 2.7552999259403625 2.8882380688510918 3.0172147315534104 3.0535146642108555 3.1308307440837706 3.4265625905286461 ;
0.32495011375782334 0.44561123893221538 0.56657808465827331 0.68827918131520127 0.81093045749808612 0.88228375329399078 0.93602199501414407 1.0200677838123582 1.0778552597805262 1.1555572737756841 1.2675516783810381 1.3545927746282929 1.3865670094458720 1.4940774489243034 1.6036932521944707 1.6401670834649447 1.7322491249433560 1.8462303413263557 1.9889406568468111 2.1176926566762728 2.2053692978963206 2.2954916107870629 2.4143830642178998 2.5873038376255071 2.7739782517692806 2.9035628073626225 3.0420480156907490 3.1763544312705219 3.2143753971968936 3.2956005897732794 3.6079451320759102 ;
0.40708175181688472 0.53685600188687799 0.66686247164790202 0.79731263813381681 0.92814051133171549 1.0040172513412289 1.0610548821051820 1.1496560870909149 1.2087456323611849 1.2847940010879961 1.3934430509305884 1.4806603902718964 1.5131089806203701 1.6239353010267430 1.7387209123677738 1.7770503038666026 1.8742871514475266 1.9957109696053186 2.1487503937677515 2.2876072021508906 2.3827273864982264 2.4810356182743676 2.6110947524881203 2.7998861808562934 3.0021959889535030 3.1415977972850855 3.2905096727948653 3.4356074997613693 3.4767861742064579 3.5648584033929662 3.9066695381721446 ;
0.44843042977184855 0.58265857407968524 0.71705817800750293 0.85178718421724198 0.98683496729767395 1.0652198248894735 1.1241553503030859 1.2155990228952533 1.2761979556305814 1.3529217457869465 1.4582569616477770 1.5439120968401956 1.5759181463944327 1.6859871872652306 1.8027891013295443 1.8422415327985466 1.9429850553253221 2.0689464851444508 2.2272404465573894 2.3707724560449965 2.4691967060940425 2.5710073564789653 2.7057872852608136 2.9012735626519262 3.1108007657468804 3.2556713546456257 3.4105425774174223 3.5616818654576767 3.6045907645682451 3.6963733107630272 4.0524274259805271 ;
0.50088863602357658 0.64076854987820009 0.78073262195921989 0.92087087809234458 1.0611980878752303 1.1426083008493140 1.2037944465208670 1.2986618000445751 1.3614583244830127 1.4408033578991009 1.5428432565369350 1.6263388322234575 1.6576993155193356 1.7666924107905086 1.8866662748676566 1.9274424980403428 2.0319065053987004 2.1628403597158274 2.3272193013474038 2.4764796302285630 2.5784698990534523 2.6843093835713150 2.8245220306879251 3.0279986236186214 3.2464738395709389 3.3983616057806922 3.5612597226284262 3.7203873238116572 3.7656072682070514 3.8623277391671320 4.2355048116224205 ;
0.54546718698245378 0.69032737846646142 0.83518380596519959 0.98001344780249477 1.1247192759842888 1.2084885402845933 1.2713703166413823 1.3687142710235405 1.4331256914071813 1.5147470713171245 1.6172470645124803 1.7014794056384570 1.7331762624159213 1.8433744004265089 1.9648874126373972 2.0062962930494397 2.1125916396119826 2.2464556409460044 2.4210865776035986 2.5760435338457501 2.6808622549742145 2.7882930199060501 2.9287405545797545 3.1367993316187874 3.3630870075974659 3.5209113993488992 3.6905513367892069 3.8565305277446393 3.9036897787817746 4.0045328912690081 4.3906417025709175 ;
0.59436290126742419 0.74506588390696815 0.89565061134863388 1.0458923807987563 1.1954347951917119 1.2817196936279429 1.3464022281879930 1.4463880316709397 1.5124791782353193 1.5962302928333831 1.7023972187984719 1.7894047983279995 1.8222132479247086 1.9362840109427031 2.0594026211028300 2.1012081724891289 2.2084185599433144 2.3457797266193121 2.5268470372145062 2.6878411470765848 2.7968624823651891 2.9086663163513955 3.0549164299977560 3.2625783096109902 3.4951338683866804 3.6592210299218060 3.8357618833184954 4.0085268216515813 4.0575734697638959 4.1624226666133319 4.5613916769864140 ;
0.63990219775569435 0.79667917511575759 0.95322275929079436 1.1090789960915328 1.2635790599043883 1.3524258972289367 1.4189633232968721 1.5218112044857091 1.5899936280945777 1.6767056138208754 1.7867687029860062 1.8771827958043501 1.9113473595552224 2.0299408589536565 2.1556554273255131 2.1979226877756051 2.3057812278365097 2.4428042418620324 2.6298445264216772 2.7966217362354251 2.9097182301672486 3.0257779713206920 3.1776736639832044 3.3934110195803653 3.6255277010136346 3.7948107325138798 3.9766323244889046 4.1539569999479218 4.2042054429626647 4.3115729386434420 4.7224859046618093 ;
0.67166911392393835 0.83313712776304538 0.99429903536461262 1.1545594421655712 1.3130599534609642 1.4040268663873838 1.4721053220368479 1.5773121614507895 1.6471938327157583 1.7364329649438548 1.8516744245630290 1.9436150719091982 1.9783748664512644 2.0989013388376199 2.2265441782492577 2.2692159783775474 2.3777426725957262 2.5141664352537627 2.7049295793673194 2.8759975159228190 2.9921044017016505 3.1112914038772663 3.2672996172439945 3.4888235844466866 3.7218847562393220 3.8942978711140133 4.0791590611686459 4.2591023582966123 4.3100755552153780 4.4189875644860344 4.8370611533444778 ;
0.69954903971927695 0.86545102367292315 1.0309933065005794 1.1954835553754286 1.3579418121579696 1.4510685909191894 1.5207314289033329 1.6283652940892033 1.6999608930798000 1.7917196440884633 1.9120527509537670 2.0056306141073983 2.0407906257548256 2.1621612938079822 2.2908233337050374 2.3339550140725436 2.4432627023540272 2.5805713384265978 2.7731121825956278 2.9481671051247349 3.0670403553493357 3.1890794205375133 3.3488042328553602 3.5754833990661528 3.8126276068505551 3.9850572322553877 4.1722410567013029 4.3542298499657832 4.4057803540871623 4.5159303361960887 4.9393883248280908 ;
0.72593087190328898 0.89633898392622458 1.0663495133377481 1.2352112387292395 1.4018847005784991 1.4973870766211168 1.5688179135434206 1.6791907825377355 1.7526778733774708 1.8470387678840108 1.9717249043812570 2.0674772755947703 2.1030773630196715 2.2247472427696513 2.3536842191795424 2.3971288978250884 2.5074385974025519 2.6460844640970280 2.8399299717424191 3.0189779992462591 3.1405794903427022 3.2654070087186473 3.4287318340675252 3.6603345826512292 3.9023620390813174 4.0743249679675371 4.2634321608930321 4.4471385407378943 4.4991744682231944 4.6103640319430674 5.0380761884686187 ;
0.75565089578333910 0.93159705802391013 1.1071242603350377 1.2814660752388387 1.4536023659272270 1.5522953776202557 1.6261419359036577 1.7403159955310590 1.8163853224267150 1.9140933617472842 2.0430936274353741 2.1411752026465170 2.1772917281865438 2.2994760796137030 2.4281419219843956 2.4717594539870378 2.5832715852262416 2.7243722011020819 2.9187873022982229 3.1026019083416001 3.2273991708546390 3.3554635686051646 3.5229243352621635 3.7600978740441287 4.0076184999623941 4.1799134138043845 4.3708242631095997 4.5561318363862160 4.6086157841017004 4.7207592840379711 5.1521003796995277 ;
0.78181921436414192 0.96314098341632615 1.1440489310632667 1.3238157885511490 1.5015226495332661 1.6035652059217038 1.6799811251407961 1.7982472889514567 1.8770810905594231 1.9782768734901917 2.1112123952505857 2.2111783752129726 2.2477852278355237 2.3707820633684356 2.4991449923891151 2.5427705242812024 2.6549569885124460 2.7994645450349354 2.9924161790667818 3.1805483665318715 3.3082123799552856 3.4391694613990351 3.6102876090638487 3.8523440177843011 4.1047019839230758 4.2782743241809875 4.4703926325717260 4.6567195505333281 4.7094825928399695 4.8222143675600764 5.2555916420765216 ;
0.80320080676854122 0.98926794117483818 1.1749421303077121 1.3595612157250574 1.5423364485746540 1.6474692605548920 1.7262681674803215 1.8483489521289425 1.9297681921692400 2.0342341160565356 2.1708659411029485 2.2726513226422123 2.3097953732275238 2.4338944920246992 2.5624322624162597 2.6061201616503773 2.7187056884661036 2.8664683113176590 3.0612310807692227 3.2474025787705134 3.3773832732635607 3.5106837276728990 3.6847388367473615 3.9307510765564615 4.1870714726948357 4.3625771912314804 4.5552397610120119 4.7421028725729064 4.7950077994999862 4.9080342496198597 5.3423079877334114 ;
0.83015130155396466 1.0227338625196623 1.2149738731425670 1.4063343766873706 1.5962437190828105 1.7057617987258409 1.7879501550542984 1.9154697408727877 2.0005993362798353 2.1098359208567827 2.2522980196459637 2.3572251350951441 2.3952982285915043 2.5216788429928738 2.6519361093287594 2.6961177046719773 2.8097582688855183 2.9614117629019590 3.1628251542649153 3.3455535959549336 3.4725640943908438 3.6055345712964773 3.7831231650511805 4.0340767272973670 4.2954150806257534 4.4742292642725960 4.6673835009507822 4.8544477539135533 4.9073960845997675 5.0205041232557042 5.4548030767232962 ;
0.84974118835206092 1.0474588349888971 1.2448868259770034 1.4416036938338890 1.6372171651833247 1.7502470543734974 1.8351495193806993 1.9670260532793649 2.0551436033118167 2.1682682184505513 2.3157595215986144 2.4240679826149862 2.4632985633718154 2.5932465964974232 2.7256653919105323 2.7707072500469709 2.8865004687959677 3.0403277036292553 3.2458023486343031 3.4296747785190638 3.5563052551412153 3.6877767998818927 3.8618621345756909 4.1126904918755089 4.3776764113125344 4.5595020125120262 4.7526887899418275 4.9395220231528381 4.9923967904369091 5.1053415403379860 5.5388807174624830 ;
0.87563439094256068 1.0806946397554831 1.2855556763469074 1.4899752201923406 1.6938137603337640 1.8119025099761306 1.9007119029646651 2.0388604532390451 2.1312977771958099 2.2500938833663802 2.4052684868844620 2.5196842791511096 2.5612481106533984 2.6992375113945255 2.8359385843987583 2.8823842025392565 3.0022285198066871 3.1593940683186714 3.3674388076557378 3.5510654875990033 3.6759633911905825 3.8059925572131443 3.9794278162347370 4.2311236553891476 4.4965718755692148 4.6781015099835148 4.8706098530763144 5.0596941433218783 5.1132724351768211 5.2277357269744469 5.6676426174072105 ;
0.92206070038017884 1.1432390417816538 1.3644744804219451 1.5859449887617989 1.8079890827360396 1.9372149727724826 2.0346085150387232 2.1865479918056114 2.2886028840497761 2.4203071362103055 2.5941356253889878 2.7242634396661023 2.7717701338565597 2.9303324059124889 3.0871623995522235 3.1388602380152504 3.2684224550283836 3.4305860001643049 3.6338736283358739 3.8106175860892302 3.9316353857116617 4.0584813720808937 4.2297341349152111 4.4816143100602712 4.7432535230400541 4.9208042035666884 5.1087222759927293 5.3016585561124803 5.3567067330611904 5.4743184262054028 5.9266014892205048 ;
0.95401651506643248 1.1884762137433620 1.4232228208471274 1.6587725252053622 1.8958096465321146 2.0341858929856134 2.1386297757211423 2.3018852165701413 2.4117722311533991 2.5537897909310572 2.7412830831608326 2.8808857927785825 2.9316731981788946 3.1004416880751524 3.2682426957713280 3.3236371607142865 3.4624062021410982 3.6316294287876141 3.8383314751199729 4.0172494174203406 4.1390954342132789 4.2656819469011964 4.4352930344456922 4.6847592272478975 4.9368971848095526 5.1085400495637749 5.2909697654603409 5.4841190474373427 5.5401531093897169 5.6598802033104372 6.1205477216560453 ;
0.96609409928518930 1.2057688717870083 1.4458224730097751 1.6869052070645247 1.9298338956058088 2.0717980203394939 2.1789999113881526 2.3466598379061572 2.4595647502689508 2.6055120456852356 2.7980940480535801 2.9411687238861566 2.9931670643411343 3.1657475877703227 3.3372054586331061 3.3937037574934781 3.5353956134969629 3.7081015284111780 3.9166433272527255 4.0971306737947968 4.2195594865266397 4.3463559867985992 4.5155847843999615 4.7632902987868659 5.0117122138578409 5.1811084969932848 5.3613957435100463 5.5544518839361814 5.6108583728755752 5.7313840499555821 6.1952064317027027 ;
1.0227900785164266 1.2889904643922196 1.5560571812928035 1.8253474883933691 2.0983202342161480 2.2584698315329774 2.3795537182370574 2.5690541728035776 2.6965016202183034 2.8608428867078857 3.0761645710611671 3.2346551705429856 3.2920849368932572 3.4820090521276641 3.6701436618783316 3.7323080237193120 3.8885186270039842 4.0763367469973826 4.2989132458603621 4.4895079729520173 4.6161726175872273 4.7447007609839469 4.9107533791250866 5.1417531413354682 5.3774653829493628 5.5377124530248523 5.7078608199855010 5.8988131424422807 5.9569737945597252 6.0812518519972194 6.5597245785966063 ];
% Fuel Properties
engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel;
engine.fuel.description = 'Estimated VW 1.5L TSI evo Concept 4 Engine test fuel derived from the Aachen paper';
engine.fuel.density_kgpL_15C = 0.74008883199999997;
engine.fuel.energy_density_MJpkg = 42.52;
engine.fuel.research_octane_number = 98;
engine.fuel.alcohol_pct_vol = 0;
% Idle Speed
engine.idle_target_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup;
engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'eng_runtime_sec';
engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.0000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ];
engine.idle_target_speed_radps.table = [ 68.067840827778852 68.067840827778852 ];
% Calibration Adjustment Factors
engine.variant = 'basic engine';
Estimate the Tier 3 Fuel Map #2
The EPA typically and whenever possible, benchmarks a gasoline engine using both Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels in order to create Tier 2 and Tier 3 BSFC and BTE engine maps. However, occasionally an engine is only benchmarked or modeled using one fuel type (in this case, a Tier 2-like fuel). Consequently, a corresponding Tier 3 fuel map must be estimated. To do this we use an internally developed octane-based fuel consumption modifier to estimate the second map based on differences between the octane of the fuel used to test the engine (e.g., Tier 2-like fuel) and the decreased octane of the fuel which would have been used to create the second target map (e.g., Tier 3-like fuel). The reference Aachen paper does not provide any information regarding this engine having been tested using Tier 3 fuel. As a result, the internally developed octane-based fuel consumption modifier, described in more detail in the Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification section below, was used to develop an estimated Tier 3 fuel map.
Tier 3 Fuel Properties
Define the Tier 3 fuel characteristics using average values for a typical Tier 3 fuel. The “LMDV Tier 3 Reg” fuel described below was specified for the EPA’s proposed Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles.
Tier_3_fuel = class_REVS_fuel('LMDV_TIER_3_REG')
Tier_3_fuel =
class_REVS_fuel with properties:
id: 'LMDV_TIER_3_REG'
description: 'Regular Tier 3 Cert fuel for 2027+ LMDV rule'
density_kgpL_15C: 0.7465
energy_density_MJpkg: 41.7870
carbon_weight_fraction: 0.8273
anti_knock_index: 87.7000
research_octane_number: 91.8000
motor_octane_number: 83.6000
alcohol_pct_vol: 9.6900
gCO2pgal: 8.5665e+03
energy_density_BTUplbm: 1.7965e+04
specific_gravity: 0.7472
Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification
To determine differences in an engine’s fuel consumption associated with changes in fuel octane, EPA first compared data from various engines tested using both Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels in its engine benchmarking program at its National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. The octane-based fuel consumption modifier was developed to closely match the observed differences noted in efficiency between the laboratory tested Tier 2 and Tier 3 engine maps.
To ascertain the modification, the “knock sensitivity” is determined for each point in the map above the minimum BSFC line (or 30% of maximum torque). This knock sensitivity is based on the ratio of the fuel consumption at each point to (a) the fuel consumption at an equivalent power along the minimum BSFC line and (b) the minimum fuel per stroke at that load. The knock sensitivity is combined with the magnitude of the octane change to determine the proportion of extra fuel required. A smoothing function is applied to ensure the map decays smoothly with increasing speed. No change in the map is made if the target fuel increases in octane over the base fuel. Application of this modification typically results in negligible decreases in efficiency across most of the map, save for those areas at low speed and near the WOT line which are more sensitive to knock conditions.
[ engine, engine_modifiers ] = REVS_modify_engine( engine,'fuel', Tier_3_fuel ,'fuel_octane_adjust',true ); engine.name = 'VW 1.5L TSI evo Hybrid Concept 4 Engine from 2019 Aachen Paper Octane Modified for Tier 3 Fuel'; REVS_plot_engine(engine,'BSFC','show_CTP_curve','no_min_bsfc','show_bmep','no_na_curve') REVS_plot_engine(engine,'Efficiency','show_CTP_curve','no_min_bsfc','show_bmep','no_na_curve')
File Description
Generate and write the estimated Tier 3 ALPHA engine definition into a file for use in later simulations.
engine.write_mscript('engine_VW_1L5_TSI_evo_Hybrid_Concept4_paper_image_OM_Tier_3.m');
Engine Build: engine_VW_1L5_TSI_evo_Hybrid_Concept4_paper_image_OM_Tier_3.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION
% Generated 25-Sep-2023 09:23:33
% Constructor
engine = class_REVS_engine();
engine.name = 'VW 1.5L TSI evo Hybrid Concept 4 Engine from 2019 Aachen Paper Octane Modified for Tier 3 Fuel';
engine.source_filename = mfilename;
engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present;
% Physical Description
engine.displacement_L = 1.5;
engine.num_cylinders = 4;
engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition;
engine.compression_ratio = 15;
engine.inertia_kgm2 = 0.095;
engine.bore_mm = 74.5;
engine.stroke_mm = 85.9;
% Maximum Torque Curve
engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 86.584924878581461 ; 104.45306647121383 ; 123.63511815660482 ; 127.92167030952929 ; 137.03244055371584 ; 142.85064657677677 ; 147.98511843379339 ; 152.17770112445353 ; 158.05749119675107 ; 161.52399842725848 ; 162.07921113770038 ; 168.07886567504681 ; 174.31551973479139 ; 175.65894408857764 ; 180.55593949186317 ; 180.59028395851186 ; 188.71596841071417 ; 194.24962774891236 ; 195.89532154332929 ; 199.23117348274479 ; 203.84583148998661 ; 210.06178382217320 ; 211.80201771006386 ; 215.80439287180440 ; 218.58724347517915 ; 224.07035973463042 ; 230.58653904498416 ; 231.13018956267589 ; 232.54366385964704 ; 236.52653479613309 ; 238.13321366514725 ; 248.99478553510880 ; 250.33177455461757 ; 252.29912211889246 ; 269.71046559213073 ; 288.86645924444383 ; 290.99923581968289 ; 309.70105563145296 ; 312.28740821855246 ; 319.83082477670564 ; 322.26440450117832 ; 335.07956774501201 ; 418.34564307702743 ; 458.88232251027762 ; 481.82643863579153 ; 504.77055476130545 ];
engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 75.678392000000002 ; 98.994975000000011 ; 117.23131543572030 ; 120.71049974633623 ; 129.40256596347459 ; 134.85470059947170 ; 139.73307515893120 ; 143.71303159171350 ; 149.73730903902964 ; 152.69397238775787 ; 153.22930625350500 ; 158.81103240493280 ; 165.11553061536301 ; 166.44560264169957 ; 170.86280178532934 ; 170.88731993863450 ; 176.40107227015022 ; 180.23720704550112 ; 181.31587917225636 ; 183.50550295961023 ; 186.48132744523565 ; 190.78000904061832 ; 191.80676785674297 ; 194.26403587978027 ; 195.95959699027856 ; 199.39286843714478 ; 203.68909026674095 ; 204.02549819552678 ; 204.57088024711049 ; 205.97254132433827 ; 206.41230020851071 ; 209.19712967042454 ; 209.47691743691050 ; 209.76740524810285 ; 211.88768152646082 ; 214.13797864155197 ; 214.45140117983129 ; 217.36282724038222 ; 217.78331928686239 ; 219.18587818737947 ; 219.68838356755774 ; 220.40378266734433 ; 220.60301500000000 ; 214.17085400000002 ; 183.57501771428574 ; 0.0000000000000000 ];
engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 504.77055476130545 ];
engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 107.42958658702935 107.42958658702935 ];
% Minimum Torque Curve
engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 504.77055476130545 ; 733.03828583761833 ];
engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -11.963636363636365 ; -26.298382881204969 ; -30.940805307063979 ];
% Fuel Map
engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 24.054479271641839 ; 48.108958543283677 ; 72.163437814925516 ; 96.217917086567354 ; 110.17646365311489 ; 120.68053745272778 ; 137.03244055371584 ; 147.98511843379339 ; 162.07921113770038 ; 180.55593949186317 ; 194.24962774891236 ; 199.23117348274479 ; 215.80439287180440 ; 232.54366385964704 ; 238.13321366514725 ; 252.29912211889246 ; 269.71046559213073 ; 290.99923581968289 ; 309.70105563145296 ; 322.26440450117832 ; 335.07956774501201 ; 351.72608097568400 ; 375.08858063138382 ; 399.25939424953697 ; 415.76236111005107 ; 433.28718350433974 ; 450.24998535205691 ; 455.05270636115267 ; 465.31383902216760 ; 504.77055476130545 ];
engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -34.163181818181819 ; -7.8890442805194816 ; 18.385093257142856 ; 33.605260749999999 ; 42.293850979166663 ; 50.982441208333327 ; 58.528427982758629 ; 66.912857631944433 ; 76.551467944444454 ; 84.119684616071424 ; 93.088071166666651 ; 102.94732440624999 ; 110.70234099999999 ; 117.56781862500000 ; 128.78643099999999 ; 134.24749144999998 ; 141.11854344444441 ; 146.98996679999999 ; 153.54515060000000 ; 159.86622083333333 ; 164.43701233333334 ; 168.56187299999999 ; 172.57525100000001 ; 177.25752499999999 ; 181.54960966666667 ; 185.17279833333333 ; 189.91081383333332 ; 193.47826087499999 ; 198.36120390000002 ; 207.98274960526314 ; 215.21739114285714 ; 218.00445966666666 ; 231.63316575000002 ];
engine.fuel_map_gps = [
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6.8043016109768981 5.5830900589767714 3.5982531236382398 2.9842318757355999 2.7290102450706124 2.6684910051863224 2.6393800626349209 2.6163999936544062 2.6176915405999521 2.6367401543800115 2.6752522808643699 2.7100160003242126 2.7229122552404266 2.7701999379141404 2.8185256271225394 2.8376158522007335 2.8899674493225529 2.9825132345503431 3.1350283566419694 3.3089843984342711 3.4386621707838905 3.5727965106673034 3.7493740957354640 3.9997017200368723 4.2605183195487699 4.4391026436729746 4.6351447732125006 4.8252857142604162 4.8791186645305826 4.9941277501097581 5.4360192317808096 ;
7.2288048272832661 5.9159165602573802 3.7911217219664644 3.1369832823021646 2.8750132438072158 2.8128777337709323 2.7836208990669302 2.7639166880799975 2.7696052009287184 2.7934283675061464 2.8358415003544772 2.8680025233280109 2.8800210085741638 2.9179078330303727 2.9550163139858592 2.9707710621246686 3.0178143998519840 3.1116190684040879 3.2712627927361777 3.4275854903280960 3.5439300780036072 3.6715496544528374 3.8499732944325218 4.1048398412110005 4.3707624196091386 4.5527132437569300 4.7492556646906285 4.9396012754302614 4.9934783908196847 5.1085704961072240 5.5504876354434298 ;
7.5518869995495308 6.1707950259488902 3.9389878774196179 3.2531199646102289 2.9880299187954060 2.9249915534968687 2.8960207578323796 2.8801956550903585 2.8901341235101317 2.9180260947353105 2.9647106581665632 2.9980195584838829 3.0110442979778163 3.0414323777576753 3.0756920714848071 3.0910429869405274 3.1372428232309004 3.2294256611140568 3.3916324494847419 3.5440815082319346 3.6550075110162119 3.7743341952413711 3.9380799824873791 4.1848874387920230 4.4544667243163900 4.6394817903178351 4.8360573228115573 5.0261678614032768 5.0799701229898631 5.1948960752188764 5.6360401107163671 ;
7.9989351154138282 6.5257694681092229 4.1451931040103451 3.4139367206346756 3.1467277907215325 3.0830402672223727 3.0551473547121755 3.0463934347838277 3.0628740884733432 3.0970627625189628 3.1511690931217475 3.1917651362870481 3.2072392579807607 3.2437215622669391 3.2769295097883520 3.2920657762965813 3.3395223408489949 3.4298118323654800 3.5871876700710956 3.7292858326213656 3.8294779621980020 3.9390011952245643 4.0935275537472569 4.3323693187550489 4.5886296136864280 4.7647955580827599 4.9560468794793815 5.1484479616638259 5.2029660885854083 5.3194372199716069 5.7670606670054001 ;
8.8796265985048812 7.2395341821516910 4.5634007469966473 3.7399037987682862 3.4764065844020222 3.4159322573775088 3.3947793473361361 3.4067880502315884 3.4375756832033204 3.4898300484886486 3.5681101383656073 3.6324219240816076 3.6521013035015799 3.7238429587159629 3.7882741560242237 3.8092924529768690 3.8613547780381050 3.9395292908802952 4.0556213929168461 4.1564614127308737 4.2323283547342685 4.3169731411874555 4.4452568757948212 4.6585645754755687 4.8836701783449081 5.0397077482236634 5.2048272677231067 5.3954799358411929 5.4508894355439592 5.5703453103178928 6.0305620245927178 ;
9.5483738211239029 7.7925702478088006 4.8897527551053610 3.9946554383862471 3.7372834378522657 3.6826235993877217 3.6710811603508597 3.7031885722112774 3.7456589898231942 3.8128257164614299 3.9089417295783071 3.9753816098543959 3.9986626189581167 4.0824540672295528 4.1603183647815980 4.1855335929808390 4.2476785354610502 4.3258793195167273 4.4283103142516858 4.5114430402463643 4.5734354759811984 4.6451992157797584 4.7554578460103238 4.9443212005852235 5.1311807887860965 5.2612182569045132 5.4022531127031792 5.5843400738041167 5.6397818941276663 5.7591620897590117 6.2279103339511117 ;
9.8114176956840993 8.0110314623809238 5.0185598343919118 4.0950943660434946 3.8396397765160630 3.7876676763221027 3.7803792165928671 3.8204207846232454 3.8674332492978469 3.9397573681356968 4.0422970654731909 4.1090545219108279 4.1342823619626445 4.2167064240395815 4.2963217089734345 4.3221500178287258 4.3863150994233333 4.4668082502400752 4.5651039478827968 4.6488216665562891 4.7073657684969845 4.7751623181785146 4.8789935881323352 5.0557870366518793 5.2277714207716786 5.3475285125917722 5.4792864681861886 5.6563218288513966 5.7117874228497811 5.8319202097329645 6.3038786578600750 ;
11.134326411248935 9.1207654869758947 5.6733149083719470 4.6055879246540536 4.3582238334803804 4.3258400037678459 4.3429650635838177 4.4213364060476357 4.4898263399304028 4.5811815614444669 4.6961596539489854 4.7748615529961649 4.8040453841826958 4.9037898727189582 4.9974559357971717 5.0276668776272899 5.1020692107684011 5.1837350697682973 5.2687614061897499 5.3360587538813986 5.3821340010902761 5.4311244921014845 5.4959148826701982 5.5961506297544430 5.7017390961244292 5.7784011463881102 5.8648748888151019 6.0222269830051056 6.0782618982431673 6.1993194354030337 6.6747909417265596 ];
% Fuel Properties
engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel('LMDV_TIER_3_REG');
% Idle Speed
engine.idle_target_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup;
engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'eng_runtime_sec';
engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.0000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ];
engine.idle_target_speed_radps.table = [ 68.067840827778852 68.067840827778852 ];
% Calibration Adjustment Factors
engine.variant = 'basic engine';