This document summarizes the process used to generate two full engine fuel consumption maps for a Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller engine as presented in Dahl, D., Helmantel, A., Wemmert, F., Morén, M., Rengmyr, S., & Sahraeian, A. (2020). “The New Volvo Mild Hybrid Miller Engine.” in 29th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen. These two full ALPHA engine maps define the complete operating boundaries of the engine which are needed for ALPHA modeling including idle, WOT, minimum torque, and maximum speed.
Map #1 is based on the test fuel specifications provided in the reference Aachen paper which stated the fuel’s lower heating value (LHV) was 42.1 MJ/kg and its RON was 98. The LHV was used to calculate brake thermal efficiency using the brake specific fuel consumption values shown on the image of the engine map provided in the paper. This data was then used to create a full ALPHA engine map. Though not stated in the paper, the documented LHV and RON values are consistent with a European fuel with zero alcohol content, which is similar to the U.S. Tier 2 E0 fuel previously used in EPA GHG and fuel economy compliance testing.
Map #2 is based on a Tier 3 specified fuel and incorporates an octane-based fuel consumption modification. EPA’s proposed Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles specifies that Tier 3 E10 fuel shall be used for all criteria, GHG, and fuel economy testing. In support of the new requirement, this second full ALPHA engine map using Tier 3 fuel was estimated based on the difference in fuel octane between the test fuel and Tier 3 fuel, as described in further detail below in the Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification section.
SUGGESTED CITATION:
Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine from 2020 Aachen Paper - ALPHA Map Package. Version 2023-03. Ann Arbor MI: US EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, National Center for Advanced Technology, 2023.
Engine Physical Characteristics
Set physical characteristics based on published information in Dahl, D., Helmantel, A., Wemmert, F., Morén, M., Rengmyr, S., & Sahraeian, A. (2020). “The New Volvo Mild Hybrid Miller Engine.” in 29th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen.
engine.name = 'Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine from 2020 Aachen Paper';
engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition;
engine.displacement_L = 1.969;
engine.num_cylinders = 4;
engine.bore_mm = 82.0;
engine.stroke_mm = 93.2;
engine.compression_ratio = 12;
Test Data
Import the efficiency map image data provided in Figure 12 of the reference Aachen paper. The map was digitized by loading the image into MATLAB and manually tracing the efficiency contours.
test_data = load('Extracted_Data_Engine'); fuel_data.name = 'BSFC Image Points'; fuel_data.speed_rpm = test_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,1); fuel_data.torque_Nm = test_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,2); fuel_data.bsfc_gpkWhr = test_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,3);
Additional Fueling Data
Add estimated points to provide more appropriate fueling near idle.
est_data.name = 'Estimated Idle Data';
est_data.speed_rpm = [600; 800];
est_data.torque_Nm = [5; 0;];
est_data.fuel_gps = [0.16; 0.12];
Maximum Torque (WOT) Curve Data
Create the WOT curve using the VEP LP gen3 max power and torque points shown in Figure 2 of the reference Aachen paper.
WOT_data.speed_rpm = test_data.WOT_Speed_Torque(:,1); WOT_data.torque_Nm = test_data.WOT_Speed_Torque(:,2);
Minimum Torque (Zero Accelerator Pedal) Curve Data
Utilize a default minimum torque curve which is scaled by engine displacement, since there is no available data.
Fuel Properties for Map #1
Load the fuel properties estimated from the information provided in the reference Aachen paper.
engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel(); engine.fuel.description = 'Estimated Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine test fuel derived from the Aachen paper'; engine.fuel.density_kgpL_15C = 0.740088832; % % Fuel density estimate for an E0 fuel at 15 degrees Celsius (MTE_GASOLINE) engine.fuel.energy_density_MJpkg = 42.100; % Fuel energy density engine.fuel.research_octane_number = 98.0; % Research octane number (RON) from the reference Aachen paper engine.fuel.alcohol_pct_vol = 0; % Percentage Ethanol or other alcohols by volume (assumed based on LHV value)
Idle Speed
Idle speed data was not available in the reference Aachen paper so the minimum speed data is assumed to be the average idle speed of similar engines which is typically 600-700 RPM.
engine.idle_target_speed_radps = 650 * unit_convert.rpm2radps ;
Engine Build for Simulation in ALPHA
Construct the ALPHA engine, combining all of the above inputs. Fit the fueling data onto a grid for simple interpolation and establish points that represent the maximum and minimum engine torque versus speed. Confirm the quality of fit between the input data and the resulting engine description by examining the resulting plots.
engine = REVS_build_engine(engine, {fuel_data, est_data} ,'WOT',WOT_data, 'plot_bsfc','plot_efficiency');
Idle Fuel Verification
Confirm appropriate fuel consumption near idle conditions.
REVS_check_idle_fuel(engine)
Estimated idle fuel consumption @ 650 RPM & 30.1 Nm: 0.233 g/sec => Indicated Efficiency: 33.5%
Fuel Map Linearity
Confirm expected trends in output fuel map, specifically in regions where test data are unavailable.
REVS_plot_engine_fuel_linearity(engine)
File Description
Generate and write the created ALPHA engine definition into a file for later simulation.
engine.write_mscript('engine_Volvo_VEP_LP_Gen3_2L0_Miller_paper_image.m');
Engine Build: engine_Volvo_VEP_LP_Gen3_2L0_Miller_paper_image.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION % Generated 17-Mar-2023 11:12:34 % Constructor engine = class_REVS_engine(); engine.name = 'Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine from 2020 Aachen Paper'; engine.source_filename = mfilename; engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present; % Physical Description engine.displacement_L = 1.969; engine.num_cylinders = 4; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.compression_ratio = 12; engine.bore_mm = 82; engine.stroke_mm = 93.2; % Maximum Torque Curve engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 105.23058321640147 ; 127.02591433175641 ; 149.84290164059479 ; 157.33504667550062 ; 471.66458813654032 ; 491.07605487024716 ; 549.99155937488956 ; 577.49113734363402 ; 604.99071531237860 ]; engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 160.17369700000000 ; 202.35731999999999 ; 277.29528499999998 ; 299.13151399999998 ; 299.62779200000000 ; 293.67245700000001 ; 263.39950399999998 ; 225.77100342857142 ; 0.0000000000000000 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 604.99071531237860 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 141.01923732657389 141.01923732657389 ]; % Minimum Torque Curve engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 604.99071531237860 ; 733.03828583761833 ]; engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -15.704266666666669 ; -38.116094740292709 ; -41.199337719599335 ]; % Fuel Map engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 31.415926535897931 ; 62.831853071795862 ; 83.775804095727807 ; 106.20967034509985 ; 112.08419318274007 ; 122.54197900906236 ; 152.41596158550948 ; 174.58157546693411 ; 191.33516232198031 ; 215.66960947439745 ; 233.63289538967769 ; 242.77955582791014 ; 264.12294605477280 ; 288.75621092819580 ; 314.32954136874434 ; 338.33846086761787 ; 350.55746838131233 ; 368.92327821761501 ; 392.85989793879691 ; 416.86976339586016 ; 423.03375546301339 ; 438.02561345615823 ; 461.21501735004347 ; 486.21786708971979 ; 513.24842582863891 ; 524.45015568972190 ; 544.98666056968000 ; 567.52998991095660 ; 573.43289211203000 ; 604.99071531237860 ]; engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -44.844870000000007 ; -21.172435000000004 ; 2.5000000000000000 ; 14.091190995454546 ; 25.682381990909093 ; 44.296348814285714 ; 55.413391076260510 ; 66.530433338235298 ; 82.258064499999989 ; 92.908188699999982 ; 104.17627061851852 ; 115.44435253703705 ; 135.04962787500000 ; 152.17121612500000 ; 155.70719600000001 ; 159.80148866666667 ; 173.93887960526317 ; 186.32754349999999 ; 198.24005149999999 ; 210.90039014285713 ; 218.61042166666667 ; 230.29067680952380 ; 249.28942025000001 ; 265.68789613888896 ; 286.66023364814811 ; 300.63470762407405 ; 314.60918160000000 ]; engine.fuel_map_gps = [ -0.0053743548943978826 -0.046794135665319522 -0.073487560511730388 -0.089068118972210966 -0.10373769750188838 -0.10731611135607107 -0.11352609419558460 -0.12838011577583788 -0.13568219629705058 -0.13964990706369421 -0.14301082240458407 -0.14382448941971074 -0.14393302000075855 -0.14335958192551268 -0.14104907353474624 -0.13739467579623665 -0.13356522299827628 -0.13169153588583263 -0.12904557779217890 -0.12630598554029096 -0.12482938628529454 -0.12460017956570588 -0.12422338151080525 -0.12451170334638322 -0.12608432060011213 -0.12895044480639090 -0.13029272539336673 -0.13290112660959891 -0.13592388528404850 -0.13672161010483128 -0.14102611680195815 ; 0.051314369635379900 0.039240086121933346 0.028402342472895928 0.025070553112054389 0.027722166265762620 0.029054749022631526 0.031795791817155451 0.045718801942022241 0.062194325936765923 0.076769749946146687 0.10081420088148559 0.12024358021770587 0.13042070558745272 0.15493317045536562 0.18494128928341472 0.21800700724156299 0.25074932376419395 0.26786086596876396 0.29403251909020123 0.32908515254387327 0.36505419087751689 0.37433307036224334 0.39694778217682886 0.43215369659314634 0.47065597071581322 0.51310483360499015 0.53079481273471418 0.56328921575892843 0.59887320011120082 0.60817091748760310 0.65770127142757751 ; 0.094718722960937779 0.12040592480871529 0.14063360822669013 0.14310808155318225 0.16308487040769473 0.16951846810045515 0.18160372151381429 0.22549249231830742 0.26568974164036790 0.29833593539527370 0.34854921184857435 0.38716793769913638 0.40710795484081885 0.45441908911367607 0.51107384804872735 0.57244719928580290 0.63278099654470243 0.66439025899505044 0.71293952155006846 0.77904953758255036 0.84954041330763619 0.86807363786098513 0.91364938089004533 0.98616905077373673 1.0670088919075427 1.1567471208883349 1.1939097080066847 1.2618017961338979 1.3356286363504000 1.3549173200384541 1.4577376669831017 ; 0.097973941944018622 0.13845469953151981 0.17673303600331952 0.20026858816364917 0.23209058275497876 0.24150130316948207 0.25886928472208315 0.31753452600866688 0.36803872063355719 0.40848331407129007 0.46988469465316013 0.51750085856206285 0.54203771220069619 0.60014003563926832 0.66958851624786453 0.74550021464033145 0.81979386886804784 0.85820084901638982 0.91668982151601042 0.99608246637762465 1.0822926949579081 1.1053344313655582 1.1625062832022799 1.2564968885917565 1.3621739659640513 1.4736942119855401 1.5194556894178175 1.6031609150904726 1.6959295782733679 1.7203358452189006 1.8517666008860767 ; 0.094833985235573792 0.15155178881212086 0.20874097290562749 0.24933363837291914 0.29731448046112352 0.31091852386054902 0.33562606436465342 0.41055950218170145 0.47061977804494937 0.51820521019170696 0.58993867836974523 0.64683849149629236 0.67600775915778732 0.74516809221158153 0.82671115863442290 0.91780564643039819 1.0071457158826604 1.0520369732280148 1.1195679615119845 1.2121372932559300 1.3140909258637741 1.3411892998236445 1.4079892166031240 1.5261857055833261 1.6612431393918554 1.7907741823507857 1.8437378291525666 1.9423783382220112 2.0557758954628587 2.0859014927418174 2.2477634461955796 ; 0.080204515510909694 0.17092173970570479 0.26319147944783278 0.32691776957379709 0.39789670410690070 0.41698722969989876 0.45122545148178012 0.55156492628694687 0.62631061034841629 0.68473147807407553 0.77483723107306735 0.84530347097127412 0.88216881200370567 0.97070567128812579 1.0778867226230910 1.1930240838143598 1.3014737583520593 1.3564807181377720 1.4401673079337152 1.5583994042783360 1.6917103540664769 1.7271235829608336 1.8146244239565388 1.9612890903159228 2.1242292489017007 2.2892338197513116 2.3578385222637981 2.4859358511266954 2.6358400073508759 2.6757341340269845 2.8868047567250161 ; 0.072400835937369248 0.18498486915325774 0.29865737816492388 0.37559677865248736 0.45908589045084952 0.48108033838124659 0.52030538135992643 0.63340302071642474 0.71904818784329128 0.78605292078368993 0.88814532251078226 0.96782563903411289 1.0095391044306117 1.1102588907213804 1.2322685897319361 1.3618955308979743 1.4846145472807546 1.5474910074757264 1.6434881044105201 1.7779500026029604 1.9249645758500558 1.9632629450100361 2.0570915713580469 2.2083732291299785 2.3824079478590581 2.5760727260449565 2.6573807072362050 2.8081973474312760 2.9784595396736693 3.0232734847652174 3.2643233630158353 ; 0.066392127315048149 0.20063508796490540 0.33525402068970850 0.42511218162595804 0.52115881053559698 0.54621764899926040 0.59082086225186503 0.71851605962781040 0.81592158649654556 0.89216146236612748 1.0077033857995403 1.0972436393676450 1.1439862163564707 1.2566464172320930 1.3926990122628358 1.5367450860337672 1.6741958817844342 1.7459451514855961 1.8558548197813685 2.0050659027181483 2.1623490066706554 2.2033597828361402 2.3038747184326867 2.4645133440172531 2.6511948419874525 2.8672674632217254 2.9585292216033920 3.1283219438231744 3.3215979714432802 3.3720707922215394 3.6410765505181062 ; 0.062928367476832309 0.22606126485564471 0.38879173430210145 0.49656366289031745 0.61105184949753721 0.64086649283818420 0.69388188524720995 0.84540284750032924 0.96304938579070731 1.0548206542650671 1.1926515758944403 1.2980839121428955 1.3525634748407285 1.4819567765180144 1.6360652540907361 1.8002998865488518 1.9588418907320253 2.0414212443626227 2.1674688615501605 2.3359818038425417 2.5109462790752373 2.5567984266954582 2.6695147257094796 2.8508788577462627 3.0588200800059120 3.2992213674095408 3.4020334991263494 3.5945208069974490 3.8124194760352994 3.8690668042616987 4.1708550560533650 ; 0.064698984601640239 0.24599666297518541 0.42690901256291919 0.54697634561029917 0.67501129880181454 0.70847886616731370 0.76803316854277182 0.93840742078293693 1.0698031910017607 1.1717246597644377 1.3240494327937442 1.4399213685482617 1.4996381315109053 1.6410537671666996 1.8086849583704718 1.9869404481251278 2.1589968908926207 2.2480937091002686 2.3837285482393411 2.5650396543629141 2.7538739643477861 2.8033424185022069 2.9249281925074264 3.1201602990257147 3.3421826998070960 3.5979943197122974 3.7076442932747997 3.9128351569779825 4.1434531480885530 4.2039959084274043 4.5284807806492999 ; 0.070204508727739826 0.26975707804851695 0.46934680268475160 0.60251560245854141 0.74535576701078088 0.78279123288651931 0.84944782448234712 1.0403799388099231 1.1860370572117631 1.2984208311035648 1.4656484980085072 1.5922976206280046 1.6574589715600154 1.8114604277157706 1.9936549653599596 2.1870710257535486 2.3731787827619120 2.4693512930639949 2.6156512537381631 2.8112641441306372 3.0148866039610192 3.0681091988628419 3.1987413254992050 3.4072382893933524 3.6435187273091469 3.9155735184063891 4.0326584122802656 4.2518304194875016 4.4975639345013292 4.5620877038389605 4.9080963174447803 ; 0.080482944263746956 0.29734336601296391 0.51484576771686963 0.66061847722545386 0.81752285709310735 0.85869984152762036 0.93205125216974982 1.1429389535782373 1.3030775231895142 1.4260857827209088 1.6081178733127406 1.7451312370282999 1.8154736397965077 1.9813657804436369 2.1773544249098653 2.3862099429610244 2.5872393737334067 2.6909822535845844 2.8488111790767054 3.0598565963268340 3.2774955731566688 3.3341643957704235 3.4730491011041407 3.6942961505513003 3.9458653178298668 4.2361467312804777 4.3609700885156757 4.5951490299530029 4.8568669626408152 4.9252621106394106 5.2899460758488042 ; 0.11692475158122256 0.36079612730639293 0.60608510061544918 0.77120154912407324 0.94964738649581104 0.99659360375015926 1.0803032404180015 1.3220512435992764 1.5057495440667610 1.6465068810479748 1.8534016654700083 2.0078556377123751 2.0869661127516110 2.2731783824708676 2.4929887987584785 2.7276341709851062 2.9545623320668510 3.0722161923642357 3.2513171278028676 3.4895123965106762 3.7321657453168342 3.7949331951318390 3.9483906477214763 4.1937116473121181 4.4782826372394737 4.8070313038726171 4.9467275441465457 5.2061515350160255 5.4912359075649011 5.5653812983122606 5.9588157437921723 ; 0.17534523745761321 0.44005696915756032 0.70586633121393072 0.88465328581073410 1.0780309166784661 1.1289618308605680 1.2198121011412679 1.4827138333933731 1.6821144120012637 1.8349055026719800 2.0602830814483020 2.2294271703658692 2.3161629327958706 2.5204199388301558 2.7614883786875959 3.0189550019826425 3.2679908987841899 3.3969036685121510 3.5930865255157278 3.8543817104287599 4.1232580094593336 4.1932101106237036 4.3645503982246296 4.6371924492607572 4.9479233513431957 5.3033978257842982 5.4535875877261741 5.7318221689878488 6.0403246070739964 6.1211899788874211 6.5539455546599612 ; 0.18901238628973591 0.45810906685637670 0.72812887472191501 0.90954775872377736 1.1056397932074067 1.1572862630902274 1.2494161958472907 1.5161615268172732 1.7186951862879751 1.8739727942836586 2.1031664373214549 2.2752953111372514 2.3635788098981125 2.5715149076293429 2.8169318569725510 3.0790319588973296 3.3325570129567867 3.4638270963795685 3.6636105584331640 3.9295978905466300 4.2036833627937202 4.2750732641679088 4.4500323765066589 4.7285880481852276 5.0450628196310880 5.4063337054645695 5.5590396019277071 5.8420265203358888 6.1561547921788868 6.2385454514046712 6.6798842651757555 ; 0.20507746764533658 0.47927178585781122 0.75417282150232123 0.93861618166581040 1.1377953251169330 1.1902529927307683 1.2838324794350595 1.5549173744293650 1.7610867093078444 1.9192485857822383 2.1528619557857054 2.3284403078821070 2.4185121897880495 2.6307007236859348 2.8811469653579951 3.1485944783118072 3.4072863991089282 3.5412582830606270 3.7451436216026925 4.0166221329119596 4.2967336970164176 4.3697775011040898 4.5489028002100733 4.8342809830063382 5.1575130260994362 5.5256038971522177 5.6812989047361198 5.9699386881238539 6.2907128553818099 6.3748954551812176 6.8262527524761554 ; 0.26481327511310521 0.55713400252297940 0.84925525967114646 1.0439679147057579 1.2529744829221847 1.3079322694691491 1.4059648767691180 1.6899959947105347 1.9086079911718326 2.0767391437334419 2.3255814467710483 2.5129708704668765 2.6091611538162165 2.8358977366052573 3.1035558521607669 3.3890525764126931 3.6647185161115008 3.8073452695246273 4.0243692353904423 4.3144402732989349 4.6158826624184792 4.6945962653525362 4.8877588310612818 5.1958836375293558 5.5442489132791044 5.9397111384917087 6.1072059840236310 6.4183068092782030 6.7646226789287125 6.8555532796271574 7.3434596113409700 ; 0.32126187664494166 0.63074591679485237 0.93982135912687159 1.1453842366497180 1.3651151192899385 1.4226127807778057 1.5249533954869539 1.8171138216565208 2.0438604312113622 2.2194481655136888 2.4809717670947018 2.6785427396138308 2.7799977653545254 3.0191525981048191 3.3011157925578050 3.6014225809336500 3.8913332855016982 4.0413049624004191 4.2695030803012068 4.5747942107664787 4.8933118231772248 4.9766277703072923 5.1812071553619203 5.5085111071263677 5.8815403947351221 6.3086703273173361 6.4896285582386461 6.8252592528261387 7.1980391897670088 7.2959190930936932 7.8211975718244826 ; 0.37632183135450226 0.70312944175948067 1.0295269261283362 1.2464491750582201 1.4777070868786684 1.5379941892197229 1.6451188872374507 1.9460578922720195 2.1792772955108513 2.3617144728275647 2.6353115374782830 2.8423640430498329 2.9486571593088549 3.1989852510254568 3.4933064822257713 3.8070503158924605 4.1113972681382158 4.2689573757949928 4.5085991346523251 4.8288051882311844 5.1627144982274409 5.2500642937044040 5.4645760120573410 5.8084250411442424 6.2049585203302620 6.6667476385083839 6.8626034967432776 7.2256975405200121 7.6276129253107063 7.7330470600059913 8.2981369659795643 ; 0.43339390923977844 0.77913363270596403 1.1241545911672279 1.3530717823548453 1.5967564887226782 1.6602421578464492 1.7730148906159549 2.0882932435650940 2.3298753634587217 2.5204962945597309 2.8065691227728808 3.0225445145705319 3.1332412550040676 3.3933596887260613 3.6990018012912889 4.0272218616678259 4.3483230299178759 4.5149185908916758 4.7680955679315291 5.1052387756161357 5.4561229821218440 5.5479192707066938 5.7733874023004903 6.1354602612313052 6.5556424507399162 7.0546294037948858 7.2670583576873113 7.6612544345569464 8.0954061376426836 8.2091101134436038 8.8170192984382787 ; 0.46668216323190248 0.82409245319043012 1.1805082821252129 1.4166822932594338 1.6677929156112821 1.7332056515286258 1.8494335116022158 2.1774563950855206 2.4264566875480549 2.6214828988342287 2.9140506882291732 3.1349261914807895 3.2481043076791161 3.5138798163057383 3.8261745847904902 4.1623023227557461 4.4930232822594398 4.6653395540739542 4.9278400372914133 5.2766368198151596 5.6390744562469708 5.7338930847061427 5.9667914923744618 6.3408462610564174 6.7750919574339150 7.2963073762799864 7.5185599835058268 7.9307517679526391 8.3833474796151126 8.5017217252680677 9.1333754478258271 ; 0.51460360172916797 0.88989119006247630 1.2637881142259979 1.5112431967883777 1.7744261172418243 1.8431190918761649 1.9652851232861395 2.3129823529897036 2.5752514640143964 2.7782539829655417 3.0804608450774542 3.3082878479709072 3.4251020854421355 3.6997759644039481 4.0257840183387126 4.3799477482825910 4.7173569145303773 4.8953207666025165 5.1713484740486440 5.5401386361756346 5.9224469915323814 6.0224220352400453 6.2679516737042418 6.6622933044670285 7.1206093963815178 7.6719572505035254 7.9077304661308565 8.3452398598795128 8.8216761622170736 8.9461122349730697 9.6092095572817371 ; 0.58124915218311557 0.98667358375418779 1.3914582242059395 1.6605472933626768 1.9479825686008376 2.0231466660038770 2.1568959650302988 2.5383450197476809 2.8228094288805967 3.0393170788949067 3.3576652159159366 3.5974356884157013 3.7207026589297425 4.0119600001218183 4.3587784901876221 4.7408328419356627 5.1044559958867755 5.2912683957798006 5.5855012528520183 5.9868119070508605 6.4080368168653763 6.5184671960210245 6.7899084305176496 7.2255860958486950 7.7262322537946400 8.3111649875374347 8.5595542975086438 9.0195720525965282 9.5218683098566022 9.6530100080386436 10.351562941900417 ; 0.62885755724996351 1.0610211768854767 1.4936498647431991 1.7827405561052208 2.0931235907034096 2.1744775634403388 2.3193334331268320 2.7326000926715670 3.0321475497752588 3.2582888320399475 3.5928150262392409 3.8461657637871269 3.9766341815135440 4.2855858354994218 4.6553705433441328 5.0563587165969253 5.4442315033545183 5.6486134239074159 5.9629174095647892 6.3924845260917156 6.8485773548521358 6.9681881680578934 7.2621009264433578 7.7316051127083680 8.2619638261878698 8.8613622022850027 9.1137188614103053 9.5800326336938166 10.093258569632749 10.227564821135669 10.945031608420042 ; 0.68227802120474801 1.1478909638464700 1.6141233620518485 1.9254951517997014 2.2593874999021084 2.3468263143326475 2.5024752408698627 2.9463183718225809 3.2714548871697278 3.5184220481341058 3.8859300148034848 4.1649023354755919 4.3085666249668648 4.6486477149827028 5.0546127420009341 5.4900616216586053 5.9121424482939897 6.1338741270186645 6.4755418856999158 6.9422603369346714 7.4348989676727086 7.5635073172243823 7.8787523603462644 8.3774330318065449 8.9303633305811569 9.5422139143920859 9.7979892060317280 10.269207778428623 10.789297504880892 10.925613392013352 11.655282737868413 ; 0.71692645521047649 1.2028756948225769 1.6891861520899356 2.0136951609762708 2.3614771524801177 2.4525584017237247 2.6147100360518785 3.0783685915104102 3.4251680204139445 3.6901731451523379 4.0826320124218052 4.3794264560188383 4.5321370355185886 4.8932844043287629 5.3231468783026470 5.7856563361760376 6.2360714252470020 6.4717950665580206 6.8333607488283175 7.3221369748342502 7.8330096975766246 7.9659727625806687 8.2914221726670068 8.8038530886680153 9.3680854172213195 9.9883011626508544 10.246870133393625 10.722513594156482 11.246709626597713 11.384077891598654 12.119248836435659 ; 0.75153107249409290 1.2568830389199572 1.7622655493567960 2.0995309315235677 2.4615166895082794 2.5564887494115034 2.7256873326343847 3.2121267395303210 3.5802443003493338 3.8624049228349397 4.2795052149184887 4.5940536592170860 4.7557547635264781 5.1378318189751626 5.5925904681411698 6.0836749549281164 6.5636505864008781 6.8133031110201925 7.1942917752368487 7.7046291601174399 8.2326396740420531 8.3696011112342781 8.7043136841411144 9.2289915214230298 9.8036152847412072 10.432401385704351 10.693952786995355 11.174404935973469 11.702903555069719 11.841340655955616 12.581800375884379 ]; % Fuel Properties engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel; engine.fuel.description = 'Estimated Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine test fuel derived from the Aachen paper'; engine.fuel.density_kgpL_15C = 0.74008883199999997; engine.fuel.energy_density_MJpkg = 42.1; engine.fuel.research_octane_number = 98; engine.fuel.alcohol_pct_vol = 0; % Idle Speed engine.idle_target_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'eng_runtime_sec'; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.0000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ]; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.table = [ 68.067840827778852 68.067840827778852 ]; % Calibration Adjustment Factors engine.variant = 'basic engine';
Estimate the Tier 3 Fuel Map #2
The EPA typically and whenever possible, benchmarks a gasoline engine using both Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels in order to create Tier 2 and Tier 3 BSFC and BTE engine maps. However, occasionally an engine is only benchmarked or modeled using one fuel type (in this case, a Tier 2-like fuel). Consequently, a corresponding Tier 3 fuel map must be estimated. To do this we use an internally developed octane-based fuel consumption modifier to estimate the second map based on differences between the octane of the fuel used to test the engine (e.g., Tier 2-like fuel) and the decreased octane of the fuel which would have been used to create the second target map (e.g., Tier 3-like fuel). The reference Aachen paper does not provide any information regarding this engine having been tested using Tier 3 fuel. As a result, the internally developed octane-based fuel consumption modifier, described in more detail in the Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification section below, was used to develop an estimated Tier 3 fuel map.
Tier 3 Fuel Properties
Define the Tier 3 fuel characteristics using average values for a typical Tier 3 fuel. The “LMDV Tier 3 Reg” fuel described below was specified for the EPA’s proposed Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles.
Tier_3_fuel = class_REVS_fuel('LMDV_TIER_3_REG')
Tier_3_fuel =
class_REVS_fuel with properties:
id: 'LMDV_TIER_3_REG'
description: 'Regular Tier 3 Cert fuel for 2027+ LMDV rule'
density_kgpL_15C: 0.7465
energy_density_MJpkg: 41.7870
carbon_weight_fraction: 0.8273
anti_knock_index: 87.7000
research_octane_number: 91.8000
motor_octane_number: 83.6000
alcohol_pct_vol: 9.6900
gCO2pgal: 8.5665e+03
energy_density_BTUplbm: 1.7965e+04
specific_gravity: 0.7472
Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification
To determine differences in an engine’s fuel consumption associated with changes in fuel octane, EPA first compared data from various engines tested using both Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels in its engine benchmarking program at its National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. The octane-based fuel consumption modifier was developed to closely match the observed differences noted in efficiency between the laboratory tested Tier 2 and Tier 3 engine maps.
To ascertain the modification, the “knock sensitivity” is determined for each point in the map above the minimum BSFC line (or 30% of maximum torque). This knock sensitivity is based on the ratio of the fuel consumption at each point to (a) the fuel consumption at an equivalent power along the minimum BSFC line and (b) the minimum fuel per stroke at that load. The knock sensitivity is combined with the magnitude of the octane change to determine the proportion of extra fuel required. A smoothing function is applied to ensure the map decays smoothly with increasing speed. No change in the map is made if the target fuel increases in octane over the base fuel. Application of this modification typically results in negligible decreases in efficiency across most of the map, save for those areas at low speed and near the WOT line which are more sensitive to knock conditions.
[ engine, engine_modifiers ] = REVS_modify_engine( engine,'fuel', Tier_3_fuel ,'fuel_octane_adjust',true ); engine.name = 'Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine from 2020 Aachen Paper Octane Modified for Tier 3 Fuel'; REVS_plot_engine(engine,'BSFC','show_CTP_curve','no_min_bsfc','show_bmep') REVS_plot_engine(engine,'Efficiency','show_CTP_curve','no_min_bsfc','show_bmep')
File Description
Generate and write the estimated Tier 3 ALPHA engine definition into a file for use in later simulations.
engine.write_mscript('engine_Volvo_VEP_LP_Gen3_2L0_Miller_paper_image_OM_Tier_3.m');
Engine Build: engine_Volvo_VEP_LP_Gen3_2L0_Miller_paper_image_OM_Tier_3.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION % Generated 17-Mar-2023 11:12:37 % Constructor engine = class_REVS_engine(); engine.name = 'Volvo 2.0L VEP LP Gen3 Miller Engine from 2020 Aachen Paper Octane Modified for Tier 3 Fuel'; engine.source_filename = mfilename; engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present; % Physical Description engine.displacement_L = 1.969; engine.num_cylinders = 4; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.compression_ratio = 12; engine.inertia_kgm2 = 0.11845; engine.bore_mm = 82; engine.stroke_mm = 93.2; % Maximum Torque Curve engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 105.23058321640147 ; 127.02591433175641 ; 135.23546419692013 ; 141.39600186715839 ; 149.63444609233829 ; 149.84290164059479 ; 152.41596158550948 ; 157.33504667550062 ; 166.18372853824440 ; 174.58157546693411 ; 176.43899602373850 ; 180.86893738923322 ; 183.45471796837379 ; 471.66458813654032 ; 491.07605487024716 ; 549.99155937488956 ; 577.49113734363402 ; 604.99071531237860 ]; engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 160.17369700000000 ; 202.35731999999999 ; 220.11019141382744 ; 234.08175214428439 ; 253.45066501599314 ; 253.94762865727918 ; 259.60617047885859 ; 269.43137969251023 ; 274.21745247883769 ; 281.02875725027991 ; 282.42478616829789 ; 292.91445202095832 ; 299.17275294359285 ; 299.62779200000000 ; 293.67245700000001 ; 263.39950399999998 ; 225.77100342857142 ; 0.0000000000000000 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 604.99071531237860 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 141.01923732657389 141.01923732657389 ]; % Minimum Torque Curve engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 604.99071531237860 ; 733.03828583761833 ]; engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -15.704266666666669 ; -38.116094740292709 ; -41.199337719599335 ]; % Fuel Map engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 31.415926535897931 ; 62.831853071795862 ; 83.775804095727807 ; 106.20967034509985 ; 112.08419318274007 ; 122.54197900906236 ; 152.41596158550948 ; 174.58157546693411 ; 191.33516232198031 ; 215.66960947439745 ; 233.63289538967769 ; 242.77955582791014 ; 264.12294605477280 ; 288.75621092819580 ; 314.32954136874434 ; 338.33846086761787 ; 350.55746838131233 ; 368.92327821761501 ; 392.85989793879691 ; 416.86976339586016 ; 423.03375546301339 ; 438.02561345615823 ; 461.21501735004347 ; 486.21786708971979 ; 513.24842582863891 ; 524.45015568972190 ; 544.98666056968000 ; 567.52998991095660 ; 573.43289211203000 ; 604.99071531237860 ]; engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -44.844870000000007 ; -21.172435000000004 ; 2.5000000000000000 ; 14.091190995454546 ; 25.682381990909093 ; 44.296348814285714 ; 55.413391076260510 ; 66.530433338235298 ; 82.258064499999989 ; 92.908188699999982 ; 104.17627061851852 ; 115.44435253703705 ; 135.04962787500000 ; 152.17121612500000 ; 155.70719600000001 ; 159.80148866666667 ; 173.93887960526317 ; 186.32754349999999 ; 198.24005149999999 ; 210.90039014285713 ; 218.61042166666667 ; 230.29067680952380 ; 249.28942025000001 ; 265.68789613888896 ; 286.66023364814811 ; 300.63470762407405 ; 314.60918160000000 ]; engine.fuel_map_gps = [ -0.0054146107893400077 -0.047144640953166110 -0.074038009369991858 -0.089735271944147280 -0.10451473101274324 -0.10811994850289786 -0.11437644639802121 -0.12934173006348326 -0.13669850585363463 -0.14069593623331483 -0.14408202606631226 -0.14490178774666337 -0.14501113126168272 -0.14443339792433255 -0.14210558297587331 -0.13842381245414995 -0.13456567564619218 -0.13267795392810094 -0.13001217663509543 -0.12725206382957022 -0.12576440430303445 -0.12553348074080978 -0.12515386032988493 -0.12544434180206127 -0.12702873853745714 -0.12991633106825226 -0.13126866583053917 -0.13389660493129715 -0.13694200518004265 -0.13774570525315044 -0.14208245428871272 ; 0.051698733138284492 0.039534008800186517 0.028615086464903409 0.025258340776257923 0.027929815487797795 0.029272379779663231 0.032033953992922311 0.046061252584754506 0.062660184314208861 0.077344783610519441 0.10156933632733969 0.12114424886125871 0.13139760464335223 0.15609367688924530 0.18632656756483501 0.21963995991264754 0.25262752842923797 0.26986724237884901 0.29623493080856422 0.33155012137978479 0.36778858104059786 0.37713696274560143 0.39992106706977043 0.43539068673442610 0.47418135705209130 0.51694817753775313 0.53477066111784688 0.56750845917273052 0.60335898065622218 0.61272634135563919 0.66262769586476700 ; 0.095428201035142060 0.12130780947296801 0.14168700567984432 0.14418001372170708 0.16430643607255724 0.17078822377842781 0.18296400018502362 0.22718151402591102 0.26767985553065521 0.30057058128463454 0.35115997364790441 0.39006796795973969 0.41015734316410546 0.45782285523454103 0.51490197915264135 0.57673503936469006 0.63752075895689986 0.66936678640944858 0.71827970079828385 0.78488490516728582 0.85590378347934737 0.87457582870144968 0.92049295080936444 0.99355581969450601 1.0750011809727320 1.1654115822959030 1.2028525308608282 1.2712531557000288 1.3456329861045744 1.3650661491281721 1.4686566582905829 ; 0.098707802805733463 0.13949177615710592 0.17805683144853071 0.20176867355133490 0.23382902658684776 0.24331023675868563 0.26080831088136747 0.31991297640330429 0.37079546602227392 0.41154300434109448 0.47340430384803989 0.52137713033869026 0.54609777403616699 0.60463530524835951 0.67460398052109749 0.75108428545619355 0.82593442648059967 0.86462908903702151 0.92355616545394603 1.0035434904275973 1.0903994653295985 1.1136137928181014 1.1712138828539016 1.2659085124491578 1.3723771500008750 1.4847327236841898 1.5308369714143184 1.6151691800155290 1.7086327146076243 1.7332217934696370 1.8656370138393241 ; 0.095544326666610599 0.15268696745376048 0.21030451957132407 0.25120123903366831 0.29954147527731834 0.31324741796561406 0.33814002703596596 0.41363474386411164 0.47414489328481035 0.52208675782111336 0.59435753606064745 0.65168354971627329 0.68107130592152698 0.75074967530829173 0.83290352929162681 0.92468034830736279 1.0146896077406851 1.0599171171153572 1.1279539373406693 1.2212166474280197 1.3239339502444516 1.3512353009925442 1.4185355737188965 1.5376173978763261 1.6736864615406017 1.8041877396551100 1.8575481036524053 1.9569274664165095 2.0711744130707244 2.1015256621540317 2.2646000211748607 ; 0.080805276832730241 0.17220200640414896 0.26516288043539288 0.32936650391406080 0.40087709677412880 0.42011061742565248 0.45460529608210554 0.55569635046020216 0.63100190718808069 0.68986036870123679 0.78064104693268577 0.85163510488646332 0.88877658088295430 0.97797661380884249 1.0859604906413989 1.2019602730175545 1.3112222755072558 1.3666412576542994 1.4509546907892268 1.5700723890233315 1.7043818868595182 1.7400603738639076 1.8282166283430323 1.9759798669993147 2.1401405073051811 2.3063810230820643 2.3754996000503965 2.5045564250229471 2.6555834185146550 2.6957763668733352 2.9084279861708953 ; 0.072943144828852169 0.18637047386393260 0.30089443177886177 0.37841013667575368 0.46252461263026223 0.48468380706560615 0.52420266004386307 0.63814744231845988 0.72443412324891876 0.79194074628457056 0.89479785765199560 0.97507500905392008 1.0171009236491912 1.1185751381858022 1.2414987347192792 1.3720966293537398 1.4957348563074586 1.5590822843163685 1.6557984348166392 1.7912675020840128 1.9393832685592973 1.9779685065911055 2.0724999438622964 2.2249147568950178 2.4002530596804355 2.5953684582882879 2.6772854661651770 2.8292317784683449 3.0007692971560891 3.0459189151797368 3.2887743456808738 ; 0.066889428768840242 0.20213791857090765 0.33776519661705146 0.42829642823013941 0.52506248171796577 0.55030902009880744 0.59524632782452724 0.72389800919737768 0.82203313928984068 0.89884407987206483 1.0152514548103633 1.1054623978121871 1.1525550938954081 1.2660591611140097 1.4031308401240910 1.5482558719702684 1.6867362247379494 1.7590229228598273 1.8697558549978610 2.0200845838283210 2.1785457960809489 2.2198637580444043 2.3211315874797456 2.4829734554556766 2.6710532665104401 2.8887443511531017 2.9806896936727409 3.1517542258347251 3.3464779619920577 3.3973288427627448 3.6683495531340440 ; 0.063399724095403842 0.22775454687875760 0.39170392739652221 0.50028310737029136 0.61562885260598554 0.64566681859160879 0.69907931578978011 0.85173522578227356 0.97026297991693067 1.0627216489472642 1.2015849748762999 1.3078070381031399 1.3626946727641294 1.4930571778641304 1.6483199846177041 1.8137847948813428 1.9735143369904102 2.0567122403538525 2.1837040005566748 2.3534791667688761 2.5297541902761025 2.5759497873472323 2.6895103728999237 2.8722329889946079 3.0817317674934528 3.3239337489635936 3.4275159813630873 3.6214450899703885 3.8409759001863288 3.8980475377370363 4.2020962945376956 ; 0.065183603793740982 0.24783926846280679 0.43010671809172468 0.55107339962652491 0.68006738171097225 0.71378563346600399 0.77378601947138337 0.94543643752750017 1.0778164103949586 1.1805013084471925 1.3339670500542427 1.4507069092273153 1.5108709727094340 1.6533458634914702 1.8222326739750849 2.0018233629135351 2.1751685717227689 2.2649327578701826 2.4015835518433071 2.5842527448411876 2.7745014932644558 2.8243404843358682 2.9468369805097918 3.1435314473157345 3.3672168775427469 3.6249446205730909 3.7354159127687820 3.9421437315139416 4.1744891362033192 4.2354853840858100 4.5624007673519404 ; 0.070730366320574514 0.27177765778453983 0.47286238287094179 0.60702866593688454 0.75093875586076719 0.78865462714534340 0.85581050112970103 1.0481727672218097 1.1949209110157522 1.3081464807107495 1.4766267443501127 1.6042245154818247 1.6698739488998171 1.8250289326066469 2.0085881743521745 2.2034529921799701 2.3909547647420610 2.4878476425202622 2.6352434437116012 2.8323215466030067 3.0374692135534715 3.0910904652673237 3.2227010745810070 3.4327597574236042 3.6708100227275255 3.9449026042766651 4.0628645070715583 4.2836781932281296 4.5312523426545575 4.5962594187575148 4.9448597641473491 ; 0.081085791119337294 0.30347448572677987 0.52215903308865774 0.66619766254014223 0.82365377118006788 0.86513181918569937 0.93903265887348875 1.1514999867337639 1.3128380531332364 1.4367676897731416 1.6201632676781388 1.7582029118838738 1.8290722051219992 1.9962069389206480 2.1936636104220293 2.4040835331241568 2.6066187482752157 2.7111387004549505 2.8701498226512867 3.0827760477028674 3.3020452205206352 3.3591385134595648 3.4990635163204904 3.7219677875465997 3.9754213004196859 4.2678770284276961 4.3936353585208314 4.6295683863646930 4.8932466826328369 4.9621541354468901 5.3295697176929355 ; 0.11780056097756408 0.41459374880074418 0.64049781970613173 0.79474362276206656 0.96523685834824535 1.0103859137071192 1.0910653001784978 1.3319538936877389 1.5170281619932191 1.6588398232014681 1.8672843256583951 2.0228952149637687 2.1025982565592849 2.2902053246709153 2.5116622018266916 2.7480651541980277 2.9766930906744786 3.0952282216606681 3.2756706889822373 3.5156501278651131 3.7601210395060365 3.8233586406071374 3.9779655459610446 4.2251240900720370 4.5118266213842073 4.8430377364500252 4.9837803529463613 5.2451475249281998 5.5323672842865568 5.6070680512826048 6.0034494654713306 ; 0.17665863778126012 0.59603318280981965 0.80143634114828843 0.95322857507218683 1.1230448096648804 1.1686430322098287 1.2515982962162280 1.4968008413332841 1.6947140676586787 1.8486496197977929 2.0757153595370217 2.2461263998947785 2.3335118450883328 2.5392988112271655 2.7821729423683874 3.0415680853727061 3.2924693526411182 3.4223477264307456 3.6200000651928148 3.8832524471498506 4.1541427285576367 4.2246187966893523 4.3972424860664061 4.6719267263473787 4.9849851171787529 5.3431222261832385 5.4944369646845184 5.7747556252994583 6.0855688601195412 6.1670399433115675 6.6030370175218227 ; 0.19042815858515524 0.64215794237958279 0.84029707641961093 0.99027887075227283 1.1586875532113901 1.2041824139870665 1.2871272675673615 1.5320906930674094 1.7315688453998554 1.8880095397932859 2.1189199275189234 2.2923381099116540 2.3812828845504712 2.5907765001362946 2.8380317126987920 3.1020950407920549 3.3575190907574304 3.4897724353885144 3.6910523490567932 3.9590320241226493 4.2351704973703699 4.3070951353643236 4.4833647558075569 4.7640069119247164 5.0828521958137420 5.4468291334639574 5.6006788532595424 5.8857854477742109 6.2022666559152650 6.2852744514833967 6.7299190553018722 ; 0.21613442199663482 0.69803714096740532 0.88658076785055062 1.0340517672548410 1.2006015277536630 1.2460052895288185 1.3286075041200760 1.5731923009932376 1.7743459351079602 1.9336244636234294 2.1689876836953648 2.3458811822298014 2.4366277356612560 2.6504056397247440 2.9027278158654992 3.1721786090632755 3.4328082274986453 3.5677836101383784 3.7731961248587691 4.0467081100723554 4.3289178128219588 4.4025087418690552 4.5829757553508053 4.8704915257033736 5.1961446956897195 5.5669927027570392 5.7238539232151311 6.0146557247472723 6.3378326085044208 6.4226457669401800 6.8773838964090785 ; 0.36920698341683650 0.92239028588007299 1.0666040076896690 1.2013310932868173 1.3583765735159676 1.4021159768425986 1.4795930057233377 1.7200576917780099 1.9260202480201460 2.0922946837815091 2.3430009071974811 2.5317939466019461 2.6287047305540652 2.8571396537459339 3.1268026270363585 3.4144378267636921 3.6921686057456675 3.8358636860025088 4.0545132411979239 4.3467570178736255 4.6504573213635343 4.7297605181358264 4.9243699425103502 5.2348027171126406 5.5857773769126835 5.9842017596501540 6.1529512031826856 6.4663822880468178 6.8152921909421309 6.9069038952856960 7.3984648248846501 ; 0.54841964730417569 1.1600359004294261 1.2543156576125527 1.3782766255656738 1.5301596732943401 1.5711449268162430 1.6452190678193566 1.8727809879303010 2.0762241628736051 2.2413710304810279 2.4995551581756756 2.6986060099490818 2.8008209711495331 3.0417671615625168 3.3258423640530212 3.6283985607319664 3.9204808031115301 4.0715758230324663 4.3014832287716471 4.6090611020955983 4.9299645285797302 5.0139045427988860 5.2200163026955000 5.5497718814468637 5.9255952956265983 6.3559245885098212 6.5382382631403795 6.8763829550812563 7.2519551508648892 7.3505682106694552 7.8797812184126821 ; 0.75184378334111757 1.4129010582909600 1.4502254003428159 1.5633719255442788 1.7103984857267336 1.7497718676728116 1.8234205121128610 2.0385680294399027 2.2342079340109176 2.3983158448933430 2.6592580331400764 2.8639111210974448 2.9707436860004979 3.2229468271991708 3.5194726326777466 3.8355665230591476 4.1421931459214330 4.3009334367379619 4.5423702005136262 4.8649747152112592 5.2013851287571562 5.2893892063310464 5.5055076963556626 5.8519322811441992 6.2514359419413710 6.7166840304688780 6.9140069211212101 7.2798206728382642 7.6847465516926503 7.7909704268373483 8.3602930640567568 ; 0.98625242837935700 1.6930946782337566 1.6620189410824124 1.7622420711920781 1.9026663945000835 1.9423615455472154 2.0169178222812283 2.2314435400062438 2.4196642975672482 2.5862785182631125 2.8482157212350017 3.0546710890139024 3.1613505449127519 3.4187772009325195 3.7267086853414524 4.0573872346953719 4.3808935688023212 4.5487369918046179 4.8038103575254842 5.1434788918429017 5.4969913501167742 5.5894752266674281 5.8166321974980422 6.1814171153190705 6.6047466239775652 7.1074711728471707 7.3214912977393887 7.7186400482170887 8.1560437072476368 8.2705993676496465 8.8830620160397160 ; 1.1314319031772291 1.8632140459411319 1.7887628127510025 1.8812613318660834 2.0171578024982622 2.0568313140876167 2.1321658157894383 2.3563352275740415 2.5465252297172940 2.7105650291324639 2.9721160620881699 3.1775246967738671 3.2848760208546186 3.5416015794554676 3.8548340397654690 4.1934794981218309 4.5266776792572436 4.7002846633286310 4.9647513717177238 5.3161607704362179 5.6813131980758964 5.7768420529382016 6.0114849553441232 6.3883415318274874 6.8258398881941238 7.3509594022396314 7.5748767632420453 7.9901560157658160 8.4461418357813738 8.5654027480744173 9.2017877893475806 ; 1.3414371260837019 2.1151232742299757 1.9754684473035975 2.0576818647283743 2.1895674531283755 2.2305819265834730 2.3082916620604985 2.5475956414737646 2.7468349718739908 2.9095081730360750 3.1682540649582815 3.3734543397258836 3.4811954440242627 3.7384926126249307 4.0559386213908590 4.4127551679397206 4.7526916529477807 4.9319885197302025 5.2100837762329899 5.5816363123218764 5.9668082978800410 6.0675321914376701 6.3149009372041212 6.7121963318271698 7.1739453798468888 7.7294230321917929 7.9669622759257450 8.4077487759572964 8.8877537614410898 9.0131219061518237 9.6811860713035429 ; 1.6186044095584793 2.4747985090201001 2.2527421412350894 2.3306889981825698 2.4756357308985466 2.5217087861069438 2.6082375578949217 2.8753485837279076 3.0861200221824023 3.2522028759241937 3.5071288929382951 3.7121285399507311 3.8207230454430521 4.0809984622058790 4.3959292149215967 4.7763434236841942 5.1426902488054482 5.3309019422865873 5.6273387116823415 6.0316553302903122 6.4560353696133337 6.5672929129271109 6.8407673421110173 7.2797083934053672 7.7841045752208675 8.3734186702880340 8.6236685075529227 9.0871319648291067 9.5931906058095340 9.7253146035472025 10.429099955823764 ; 1.8326374209736662 2.7751772028892012 2.4790729624263945 2.5480272846975489 2.7109366126696224 2.7629468533742449 2.8625045494714634 3.1615101877565421 3.3696416123924746 3.5308498247471154 3.7909081130879621 4.0051009550271059 4.1163563599948043 4.3758834971519445 4.7065105020274771 5.0942327032026844 5.4850107997995847 5.6909236161127206 6.0075818542292501 6.4403665864613702 6.8998757182682402 7.0203824604598886 7.3164967335119870 7.7895176788240921 8.3238489741428996 8.9277370645463581 9.1819839678697655 9.6517906018261588 10.168860788798879 10.304173043525779 11.027013920943926 ; 2.1034067415089899 3.1626356839710090 2.7640173706651252 2.8158350772831278 2.9763009224015886 3.0292702179845965 3.1317370616394142 3.4417910598497121 3.6607882773584062 3.8361758014394800 4.1137200907246037 4.3472613014655739 4.4685982969365652 4.7511535118878276 5.1114076246426770 5.5311842025468998 5.9564265698226002 6.1798191003777685 6.5240460762430059 6.9942604203448369 7.4905890956283310 7.6201607690225792 7.9377671134701648 8.4401830865832821 8.9972550366732893 9.6136886064064626 9.8713797490591766 10.346127921885875 10.870113311687501 11.007450254953985 11.742585092594831 ; 2.2921390440542369 3.4277279615911098 2.9523643422311183 2.9895582390173905 3.1457978572881862 3.1988618227628702 3.3023938299197764 3.6190995608479843 3.8504132343083208 4.0374408926698360 4.3314376937414885 4.5783668021600041 4.7065367500470368 5.0043827419458449 5.3838497675143904 5.8289930302010484 6.2827818939598155 6.5202711920475913 6.8845451342683655 7.3769824739876508 7.8916818213314173 8.0256408285985152 8.3535279744724686 8.8697971865155072 9.4382558227443365 10.063117212233495 10.323622959673383 10.802829164907457 11.330951618440276 11.469348822272558 12.210026467895309 ; 2.4897469108081602 3.7017409657820566 3.1429418759999272 3.1638871503756700 3.3157054706155304 3.3690614356831610 3.4741429583656136 3.8004609438557191 4.0431888924960573 4.2405552528149064 4.5502590519607979 4.8102886921795767 4.9451255937078500 5.2578411514791803 5.6573018064809402 6.1292439180241161 6.6128147435201621 6.8643372573755030 7.2481796668215326 7.7623396664260236 8.2943051733115674 8.4322925020452093 8.7695121952363397 9.2981200625053155 9.8770479691675614 10.510543909305603 10.774054426795523 11.258105339088306 11.790562607232758 11.930036652923912 12.676042688509163 ]; % Fuel Properties engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel('LMDV_TIER_3_REG'); % Idle Speed engine.idle_target_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'eng_runtime_sec'; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.0000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ]; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.table = [ 68.067840827778852 68.067840827778852 ]; % Calibration Adjustment Factors engine.variant = 'basic engine';