Vol. 57 No. 11 Thursday, January 16, 1992 p 1984 (Proposed Rule)

Vol. 57 No. 11 Thursday, January 16, 1992 p 1984 (Proposed Rule) 1/967 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 82 [FRL-4092-4] RIN 2060-AD48 Protection of Stratospheric Ozone AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Request for data and advance notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: Today's notice presents the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA, or the Agency) preliminary strategy for implementing section 612 of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA). Additionally, today's notice requests producers and formulators of substitutes for Class I ozone-depleting substances (i.e., chlorofluorocarbons, halons, methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride) and Class II ozone-depleting substances (i.e., hydrochlorofluorocarbons), as well as substitute equipment manufacturers, to voluntarily provide EPA with information to facilitate the timely completion of risk characterizations on these substitutes. These risk characterizations will be conducted by EPA in early 1992 to implement the Safe Alternatives Policy under section 612. This new program will be entitled the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program. The Agency will use the results of the risk characterization to develop an initial list of prohibited substitutes specific to a use sector; a preliminary list of corresponding acceptable substitutes will also be identified. Any substitute not reviewed by the Agency prior to the promulgation of the rules implementing the SNAP program (required by November 15, 1992) will need to be submitted for review under the SNAP program once it becomes effective. The Agency believes that the conduct of risk characterizations prior to the statutory deadline is essential to meet the November deadline and to minimize any dampening effect that this section of the CAA may have on current industry efforts to phase out ozone-depleting substances. DATES: Written comments on this notice must be submitted on or before March 2, 1992. Data submitted by the responder can be designated as confidential business information (CBI) under 40 CFR part 2, subpart B (see section VI for more detail). ADDRESSES: Written comments should be sent to Docket A-91-42, Central Docket Section, South Conference Room 4, Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. The docket may be inspected between 8 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. on weekdays. As provided in 40 CFR part 2, a reasonable fee may be charged for photocopying. To expedite review, a second copy of the comments should be sent to Elaine Haemisegger, Stratospheric Ozone Protection Branch, Global Change Division, Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs, Office of Air and Radiation, ANR-445, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. Information designated as confidential business information (CBI) under 40 CFR part 2, subpart B must be sent directly to the contact person for this notice. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Elaine Haemisegger at (202) 260-9961 or Nina Bonnelycke at (202) 260-1496, Stratospheric Ozone Protection Branch, Global Change Division, Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs, Office of Air and Radiation, ANR-445, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Overview of Today's Notice Today's notice is divided into seven sections, including this overview: II. Background A. Regulatory History B. Subgroup of the Federal Advisory Committee III. Section 612 Requirements A. Rulemaking B. Listing of Unacceptable Substitutes C. Petition Process D. 90-Day Notification IV. Section 612 Implementation A. Guiding Principles B. Risk Characterizations C. SNAP/Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Overlap D. Schedule for Rulemaking V. Data Requested A. Objective B. Responders C. Information Needs VI. Confidential Business Information VII. Paperwork Reduction Act References Appendix A: List of Class I and Class II Substances II. Background A. Regulatory History On September 16, 1987, the United States and 23 other nations signed the Montreal Protocol. The original agreement set forth a timetable for reducing the production and consumption of specific ozone-depleting substances, including CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115, Halon-1211, Halon-1301, and Halon-2402. EPA implemented the original Protocol through regulations allocating production and consumption allowances equal to the total amount of production and consumption the United States was allowed under the Protocol (see final rule promulgated on August 12, 1988-53 FR 30566) and subsequent minor revisions and amendments promulgated on February 9 (54 FR 6376), April 3 (54 FR 13502), July 5 (54 FR 26062), and July 12 (54 FR 29337) of 1989, and February 13 (54 FR 5007), June 14 (55 FR 24490), and June 22 (55 FR 25812) of 1990. The parties to the Montreal Protocol met in London on June 27-29, 1990 to consider amendments to the Protocol. In response to scientific evidence indicating greater than expected stratospheric ozone depletion, the Parties agreed to accelerate the phaseout schedules for the substances already controlled by the Protocol. They also added phaseout requirements for other ozone-depleting chemicals, including methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and other fully-halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). On November 15, 1990, Congress enacted the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Title VI of the CAA requires a phaseout of CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride by 2000, which is identical to the London Amendments, but with more stringent interim reductions. Title VI differs from the London Amendments by mandating a faster phaseout of methyl chloroform (2002 instead of 2005), a restriction on the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) after 2015, and a ban on the production of HCFCs after 2030. In title VI, the CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform are defined as Class I substances; HCFCs are referred to as Class II substances. Appendix A lists the Class I and Class II substances. In addition to the phaseout requirements, title VI includes provisions to reduce emissions of Class I and Class II substances to the "lowest achievable level" in all use sectors. It also requires EPA to: Ban nonessential products; establish standards and requirements for the servicing of motor vehicle air conditioners; mandate warning labels on products made with or containing Class I or Class II substances; and establish a safe alternatives program. B. Subgroup of the Federal Advisory Committee EPA has established a subgroup of the standing Stratospheric Ozone Protection Advisory Committee (STOPAC) to provide the Agency with guidance on the development of the safe alternatives program. In 1989, EPA organized the STOPAC in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. section 9(c). The STOPAC consists of members selected on the basis of their professional qualifications and diversity of perspectives and provides balanced representation from the following sectors: Industry and business; academic and educational institutions; Federal, state, and local government agencies; non-government and environmental groups; and international organizations. Since its formation, the STOPAC has provided advice and counsel to the Agency on policy and technical issues related to the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. In 1991, members were asked to participate in subgroups of the STOPAC to assist the Agency in developing regulations under title VI of the CAA. To date, the subgroup on safe alternatives has met once to review a detailed overview of EPA's ideas on implementation of section 612. At this meeting, there was general agreement on the need to develop a data request to provide the general public with an opportunity to provide the Agency with information on substitutes. The group supported the need to review substitutes as quickly as possible to avoid any slowdown in industry's efforts to phase out of ozone-depleting substances. III. Section 612 Requirements Section 612 requires EPA to develop a program for evaluating safe alternatives. EPA is referring to this new program as the Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP). There are four major provisions of section 612, as summarized below. A. Rulemaking Section 612(c) requires EPA to enact rules by November 15, 1992 making it unlawful to replace any Class I or Class II substance with any substitute that the Administrator determines may present adverse effects to human health or the environment where an alternative has been identified that (1) reduces the overall risk to human health and the environment, and (2) is currently or potentially available. B. Listing of Unacceptable Substitutes Section 612(c) also requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes prohibited for specific uses. EPA must also publish a list of acceptable alternatives for those prohibited substances. C. Petition Process Section 612(d) allows any person to petition EPA to add or delete a substance from the list published in accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days to grant or deny a petition. The petitioner must supply all information needed by the Agency to make a decision. D. 90-day Notification Any person who produces a chemical substitute for a Class I substance must notify the Agency not less than 90 days before new or existing chemicals are introduced into interstate commerce for significant new uses as substitutes for a Class I substance. The producer must also provide the Agency with all unpublished health and safety studies on such substitutes. IV. Implementation of Section 612 This section provides EPA's current thoughts regarding the implementation of section 612. This section discusses: Guiding principles for the SNAP program; the role of risk characterization in the SNAP program; the overlap between SNAP and the new chemicals review that is currently performed under section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); and the anticipated schedule for completing the proposed and final rulemaking for section 612. The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the SNAP program will develop the implementation strategy more fully. A. Guiding Principles EPA has identified several guiding principles it will consider in developing the SNAP program, as discussed below. 1. Evaluate Substitutes Within a Comparative Risk Framework In evaluating each substitute, section 612 requires that the health and environmental risks be assessed comprehensively. This "overall risk" characterization will consider such factors as: Toxicity and exposure-both human health and ecological; chlorine loadings; ozone-depletion potential; global-warming potential; and flammability. To the extent possible, each of these factors will be quantified. The Agency does not believe that a scheme should be developed to numerically weight the risks quantified for each factor, thereby producing one index by which all substitutes can be ranked and evaluated. There are numerous complexities in the design of such a weighting scheme. Furthermore, a quantitative index may not allow for sufficient flexibility in making appropriate risk management decisions that may need to consider other issues, such as the quality of information, the degree of uncertainty in the data, the availability of other substitutes, and economic feasibility. Economic feasibility must be assessed to ensure that the initial list of acceptable substitutes includes alternatives that are affordable in the near term. Economics must also be considered in evaluating new substitutes against alternatives that were previously identified as acceptable. The Agency believes that such an examination will help to minimize uncertainty in the marketplace and encourage many to substitute sooner rather than later. 2. Evaluate Substitute Risks in Context Each substitute must be evaluated in the context of (1) the risks the substitute is replacing (i.e., the risks of continued use of the Class I of Class II substance) and (2) the risks from other substitutes. 3. Evaluate Risks by Use Section 612 requires that substitutes be evaluated by use. Environmental and human health exposures can vary significantly depending on the particular application of a substitute. Thus, the risk characterizations must be designed to provide data on the environmental and human-health impacts associated with different use profiles. 4. Provide the Regulated Community with Information as Soon as Possible While the SNAP regulation must be issued by November 15, 1992, the Agency recognizes the need to provide the regulated community with information on the acceptability of various substitutes as soon as possible. Given this need, EPA has decided to expedite the review process by conducting risk characterizations up front for those substitutes known to the Agency. The results of the risk characterizations will be used, as discussed in the next section, to make determinations regarding the acceptability of the substitutes. The initial lists of acceptable and prohibited substitutes will be published simultaneously with the proposed rulemaking for the SNAP program. 5. Develop Lists of Unacceptable Substitutes The goal of the SNAP program is to prohibit substitutes that are "unacceptable." The Agency does not believe it is either feasible or appropriate to certify substitutes as "safe." The Agency also does not want to intercede in the choice of available substitutes, unless an acceptable substitute has been proposed or is being used. 6. Restrict Only Those Substitutes That Are Significantly Worse EPA does not intend to restrict substitutes that are acceptable, but may be marginally worse on some criteria. Drawing fine distinctions concerning the acceptability of substitutes would be extremely difficult given the likely uncertainties that exist and the broad range of diverse impacts. B. Risk Characterizations This section reviews EPA's objectives in conducting the risk characterizations. It also describes the types of substitutes, factors, and use sectors that will be examined in the risk assessments. 1. Objectives As mentioned earlier in this notice, the objectives in completing the risk characterizations are to: Disseminate information to industry as quickly as possible on acceptable substitutes; meet the statutory requirements and implementation deadline of November 15, 1992 for section 612; and help develop the analytical framework for evaluating substitutes under the SNAP program. The Agency will use the results of the risk characterizations to prohibit unacceptable substitutes and to identify the corresponding acceptable substitutes. These determinations will be published simultaneously with the proposed and final regulations for the SNAP program. Any substitute not reviewed by the Agency prior to the promulgation of the rules implementing the SNAP program will need to be submitted for review under the SNAP program once it becomes effective. The Agency believes that the near- term risk assessment activities will support industry's ongoing phaseout efforts and will ensure the efficient implementation of the SNAP program. The risk characterizations will also help EPA specify more precisely the types of information that will need to be submitted to complete a substitute review under the SNAP program. EPA's preliminary assessment of data needs for the risk characterizations is included in today's notice (section V) and will be refined for inclusion in the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the SNAP program. 2. Substitutes To Be Evaluated Based on the language included in the statement of policy in section 612 (a), the Agency believes that a substitute refers to any chemical, product substitute, or alternative manufacturing process that serves as a replacement for a Class I or Class II substance. While subsequent sections refer only to "substitute substances" or "substitute chemicals," EPA interprets these provisions in section 612 as incorporating the general definition of substitute presented in section 612 (a). Furthermore, section 612 (e) clearly states that a substitute can be either existing or new. This definition of a substitute should be used in responding to today's request for information on substitutes. Section 612 (c) is also clear that a substitute may be currently or potentially available. However, the list of acceptable substitutes must include alternatives that are available in the near term to support and accelerate industry's ongoing efforts to phase out ozone-depleting substances. 3. Key Factors The risk characterizations will address several factors, including: Chlorine loadings; ozone-depletion potential; toxicity to human health and ecosystems; air, water, and solid/hazardous waste impacts; exposure to workers, consumers, the general population, and ecosystems; flammability; and global warming potential. Where possible, these risk characterizations will quantify separately each of these endpoints. The risk assessments will also include information on the incremental costs and benefits associated with use of the substitutes. 4. Key Use Sectors As discussed above, section 612 requires EPA to identify unacceptable substitutes by use category. To this end, the Agency will be developing risk characterizations for several key use sectors. For the purpose of today's notice, EPA is defining a use sector as an application in which an ozone-depleting substance is utilized. The most important uses of CFCs, HCFCs, halons, and methyl chloroform are found in: Automotive air conditioners Commercial air conditioning (e.g., reciprocating, screw, and centrifugal chillers) Home heat pumps and air conditioners Retail food refrigeration Cold storage warehouses Industrial process refrigeration (e.g., refineries, chemical plants, ice machines, and ice rinks) Refrigerated transport (e.g., rail cars and trucks) Household refrigerators and freezers Other household appliances (e.g., dehumidifiers) Solvent cleaning (e.g., any cleaning operation involving conveyorized vapor degreasing, open-top vapor degreasing, cold cleaning, and dry cleaning) Sterilization (e.g., hospitals, medical equipment, spice fumigant, pharmaceutical, commercial R&D labs, and libraries) Foam blowing (e.g., rigid polyurethane, rigid polyisocyanurate, flexible polyurethane, phenolic, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyolefin, PVC, and extruded polystyrene) Pesticide formulations Aerosols Adhesives Coatings and inks Fire extinguishing (e.g., portable halon fire-fighting units, total flooding halon extinguishing systems) The majority of carbon tetrachloride (in excess of 97 percent) is consumed as a chemical feedstock, primarily for the production of CFC-11 and CFC-12. (1) The remaining small uses comprise such applications as: Scrubbing liquid to recover chlorine following liquefaction, a diluent for nitrogen trichloride; processing solvent for waxes, oils, and paraffins; manufacture of some drugs and lubricants; and the processing of uranium salts and metal alloys. EPA also requests information on (1) applications or uses of Class I and Class II substances that have not been identified in either section IV.B.4 or table 1 and (2) substitutes not listed in table 1. These uses were analyzed in the regulatory impact analysis (RIA) that EPA completed to support the phaseout under the Clean Air Act and will serve as a starting point for the SNAP program. (2) Depending on the substitute and exposure information received in response to today's notice, these use-sector designations may be either aggregated or disaggregated. Furthermore, several use scenarios may be added. C. SNAP/Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Overlap For a new chemical, the regulatory requirements under section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) remain unchanged. Thus, EPA is considering that any new chemical-defined as any substance not currently on the TSCA inventory-will be subject to review both under section 5 of TSCA and section 612 of the CAA. To expedite review under TSCA and CAA, EPA is developing a joint review process. This process will satisfy the statutory requirements of both laws and will ensure consistency in decisions reached under SNAP and the premanufacture notice review program for new chemicals. The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Section 612 will provide more detail on the interface between SNAP and the new-chemical review under TSCA. D. Schedule for Rulemaking EPA is planning to issue a notice of proposed rulemaking for the SNAP program by early 1992. This proposal will also include an initial list of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes based on the results of the risk characterizations. The final rule for the SNAP program will be issued in the fall of 1992. At this time, EPA will also publish its revised list of prohibited and acceptable substitutes. Any substitute not reviewed by the Agency prior to the promulgation of the rules implementing the SNAP program will need to be submitted for review under the SNAP program once it becomes effective. V. Data Requested A. Objective As mentioned above, the purpose of today's notice is to elicit the voluntary submission of information on substitutes for Class I or Class II substances. Listed below are the specific types of data that will be helpful to the Agency in completing the risk characterizations. However, any available data on these factors will be considered by the Agency. Data submitted in response to this voluntary request can be designated as confidential business information (CBI) under 40 CFR, part 2, subpart B (see section VI for more detail). B. Responders For the purpose of today's notice, the Agency is inviting all producers and formulators of Class I or Class II substitute products, chemicals, and processes, as well as equipment manufacturers, to submit readily available data on alternatives. If respondents are aware of submissions that are being made by their trade associations in response to today's notice, and this information sufficiently addresses substitutes that they are using, there is no need for additional data to be submitted. Moreover, users of Class I and II substances that believe they have a unique or unusual substitute that is not being supplied to them expressly for use as a Class I or II substitute are requested to report this information. To minimize the amount of reporting, the Agency has identified, by use sector, those substitutes for which it has already collected data (see table 1). EPA invites respondents to submit information on the substitutes listed in table 1 if the respondent has new information. It also requests information on (1) applications or uses of Class I and Class II substances that have not been identified in either Section IV.B.4 or table 1 and (2) substitutes not listed in table 1. There is no need to resubmit information that has already been sent to EPA's Office of Air and Radiation or Office of Toxic Substances as part of past CFC-related activities or is contained in several reports referenced at the end of today's notice. If there are any questions regarding the submission of information, the respondent is encouraged to telephone the EPA contact for this notice (see "For Further Information Contact" at the beginning of today's notice). Data received in response to today's advance notice will be considered by EPA in its initial review of substitutes for Class I and Class II substances. The notice of proposed rulemaking on the SNAP program, which is anticipated in early 1992, will provide the public with another opportunity to provide the Agency with information on alternatives. C. Information Needs The Agency is requesting submitters to voluntarily provide information on the following topics to assist in examining substitutes under the SNAP program: Name and description of the substitute. To the extent possible, the substitute should be identified by its (1) commercial name, (2) chemical name, (3) trade name(s), (4) identification numbers (e.g. CAS registry, NIOSH RTECS, EPA hazardous waste, OHM-TADS, DOT/UN/NA/IMCO shipping, HSDB, NCI), (5) chemical formula, and (6) chemical structure. Physical and chemical information. Key properties that should be included to characterize the substitute are: molecular weight; physical state; melting point; boiling point; density; odor threshold' solubility; partition coefficients (Log Kow, Log Koc); vapor pressure; Henry's Law Constant. Flammability concerns. Data on the flammability of a substitute chemical or mixture are requested. Specifically, data on flash point and flammability limits are needed, as well as information on the procedures used for determining the flammability limits. Detail on any abatement techniques to minimize the risks associated with the use of flammable substances or mixtures is also helpful. Toxicity data. Information on the human health and ecological toxicity of substitute chemicals is needed, such as the Material Safety Data Sheet. Any data characterizing both acute and chronic effects are useful. Ozone-depletion potential. The Agency is interested in obtaining information on the ozone-depletion potential of the substitute chemicals, if readily available. Global-warming potential. Similarly, the Agency is also interested in readily available data on the total global-warming potential of the substitute chemicals. VOC status. Information on whether the substitutes would be regulated as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under title I of the CAA is requested. VOCs are of concern because of their potential to contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Substitute applications. Identification of the applications in which the substitutes are likely to be used is needed. The respondent can utilize the use sector designations found in section IV.B. 4. of today's notice or can provide more detail if appropriate. Anticipated market share. Data on the anticipated sales of the substitute are useful. In addition, information on the expected quantity of the substitute sold by use sector (e.g., number of units/products or pounds of substitute) over the next five years would be helpful. Availability of substitute. The Agency needs to understand the extent to which a substitute is already commercially available or the expected date at which it may become commercially available. Cost of substitute. The cost of the substitute can be expressed, for example, in terms of $/pound (a chemical substitute) or as capital and operating costs, as well as expected equipment lifetime, for an alternative technology. Other critical cost considerations should be identified, as appropriate. For example, relative to current uses of Class I or II substances, it is important to understand the incremental costs associated with losses or gains in energy efficiency associated with use of a substitute. Required changes in technology. Detail on the changes in technologies needed to use the alternative substance is requested. In particular, the Agency is requesting information on whether the substitute can be used in existing equipment-with or without changes-or in new equipment. Data on the cost (capital and operating) and estimated life of the technology should also be submitted. Relative effectiveness of the substitute. The Agency is requesting information on the relative effectiveness of the substitute versus the Class I or II substances being replaced. For example, in the case of a degreasing agent, is relatively more or less of the substitute chemical needed? This will have an impact on the incremental cost and environmental effects associated with use of the substitute. Environmental release data. Available data on emissions from the substitute application and equipment, as well as pollutant releases or discharge to all environmental media (ambient air, surface water, hazardous/solid waste), are needed to complete the risk characterization. Any information on any pollution controls used or that could be used in association with the substitute (e.g., emissions reduction technologies, wastewater treatment, treatment of hazardous waste) and the costs of such technology is also requested. Exposure data. Where available, the Agency is requesting extant modeling or monitoring data on exposures associated with the manufacture, formulation, transport, and use of a substitute. Descriptive information on the processing and use of the substitutes would also be helpful, especially where quantitative modeling or monitoring data are not readily available. Depending on the application, exposure profiles will be needed for workers, consumers, and the general population. Individuals responding to today's notice are requested to provide the Agency with information on any additional factors that the submitter believes EPA should consider in its risk characterization of particular substitutes and use sectors. VI. Confidential Business Information Anyone submitting information must assert a claim of confidentiality at the time of submission for any data it wishes to have treated as confidential business information (CBI) under 40 CFR, part 2, subpart B. Failure to assert a claim of confidentiality at the time of submission may result in disclosure of the information by the Agency without further notice. The Bruce Company, ICF Incorporated, Radian Corporation, and Meridian Incorporated are hereby designated as Authorized Representatives of the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the purpose of assisting EPA in the development and the implementation of national regulations for the protection of stratospheric ozone, including the development of the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program under section 612 of the Clean Air Act. The Authorized Representatives, under EPA Contract 68-D9- 0068 may have access to any information received by the Global Change Division within the EPA Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs for use in reviewing the need for possible control of any substance, practice, process or activity that may reasonably be anticipated to affect stratospheric ozone. In general, this information will pertain to the feasibility, costs, and environmental and health impacts of using substitutes for Class I and Class II substances. Access to such information is necessary to ensure that the Bruce Company, ICF Incorporated, Radian Corporation, and Meridian Incorporated can complete the work required by the contract. Authorized Representatives of the Administrator are subject to the provisions of 42 U.S.C. 7414(c) respecting confidential business information as implemented by 40 CFR 2.301(h). VII. Paperwork Reduction Act The information collection provisions in today's notice have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. and has been assigned OMB control number 2060-0226. The public-reporting burden for this one-time voluntary collection of information is estimated to average 16 hours per response. This estimate includes the time needed to search existing sources, gather and review the needed information, and prepare the package for submission to EPA. The estimated number of respondents is approximately 170, and the estimated total annual burden on respondents is 2,720 hours. Dated: January 7, 1992. William K. Reilly, Administrator. References 1. U.S. EPA, Carbon Tetrachloride, Working Paper, Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs. 2. U.S. EPA, Costs and Benefits of Phasing Out Production of CFCs and Halons in the United States, Review Draft, Office of Air and Radiation, November 3, 1989. 3. U.S. EPA, Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons: Interim Report, External Review Draft, Office of Toxic Substances, November 15, 1990. 4. U.S. EPA, Aqueous and Terpene Cleaning: Interim Report, External Review Draft, Office of Toxic Substances, November 15, 1990. 5. U.S. EPA, Analysis of the Environmental Implications of the Future Growth in Demand for Partially Halogenated Chlorinated Compounds, Office of Air and Radiation, EPA 400/1-90-001, January 1990. Table 1.-Possible Alternatives Being Considered for Review Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program Automotive Air Conditioners: a. Chemical Substitutes: HFC-134a, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/ CFC-114 (interim), cyclopropane. b. Alternative Technologies: Absorption, air cycles, evaporative cooling, stirling cycle Commercial Air Conditioning: a. Chemical Substitutes: CFC-11 centrifugal chillers-HCFC-123, E-245 CFC-114 centrifugal chillers-HCFC-124, E-134 CFC-12 centrifugal chillers-HFC-134a CFC-500 centrifugal chillers-HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC- 124. CFC-12 reciprocating chillers-HFC-134a, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC- 152a/HCFC-124. HCFC-22 centrifugal reciprocating, and screw chillers-HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-32/HFC-125, ammonia. b. Alternative Technologies: HFC-134a screw, HFC-134a centrifugal absorption, lithium bromide absorption, ammonia-water absorption, HCFC-22 screw, HCFC-22 reciprocating, HCFC-22 centrifugal. Home Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners: a. Chemical Substitutes: HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-152a, HCFC-124, HFC-143a, HFC-32/HFC-134a, HFC-32/HFC-152a, HFC-32/HFC-125, HFC-32/HFC-134a/HFC-152a, HFC-32/HFC- 143a, HFC-32/HFC-134a/HFC-152a/HFC-125, propane, butane, fluoroethers. b. Alternative Technologies: Lithium bromide absorption, ammonia absorption, evaporative cooling Retail Food Refrigeration: a. Chemical Substitutes: Low temperature-HCFC-22, HFC-125, HFC-32, HFC-32/HFC-125, HCFC-22/propane /perfluoropropane, HCFC-22/propane/HFC-125 Medium/high temperature-HFC- 134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC- 152a, HFC-32/HFC-134a, fluoroethers, butane. b. Alternative Technologies: Ammonia/brine system, stirling cycle Cold Storage Warehouses: a. Chemical Substitutes: Low temperature-HCFC-22, HFC-125, HFC-32, HFC-32/HFC-125, HCFC-22/propane /perfluoropropane, HCFC-22/propane/HFC-125, ammonia. Medium/high temperature-HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-152a, HFC-32/HFC-134a, fluoroethers, butane. b. Alternative Technologies: Ammonia/brine system, stirling cycle Industrial Process Refrigeration: a. Chemical Substitutes: HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-123, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HCFC-22 /HFC-152a/CFC-114 (interim), HFC-32/HFC-125, propane, cyclopropane, ethane, butane, propylene, ammonia, chlorine. b. Alternative Technologies: Ammonia/brine Refrigerated Transport: a. Chemical Substitutes: HCFC-22, HFC-32, HFC-134a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/ CFC-114 (interim), propane, cyclopropane, fluoroethers. b. Alternative Technologies: Stirling cycle, liquid carbon dioxide, nitrogen Household Refrigerators and Freezers: a. Chemical substitutes: HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HCFC-22/HCFC-142b, propane, cyclopropane, sulphur dioxide, dimethyl ether, fluoroethers, ammonia. b. Alternative Technologies: Stirling cycle, absorption (ammonia-water), Lorenz cycle/near azeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs), e.g., HCFC-22/HCFC-141b, HCFC-22/HCFC-123, dual loop cycle/mixtures (e.g., HFC-152a/HCFC-142b). Other Household Appliances: a. Chemical Substitutes: HFC-134a, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HCFC-22/HCFC-142b, propane, cyclopropane, sulphur dioxide, ammonia. b. Alternative Technologies: Stirling cycle, absorption Solvent Cleaning: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances (CFC-113, MCF): HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-225ca, HCFC-225cb, HCFC-141b/methanol, aqueous, hydrocarbon-surfactant, alcohols, hydrocarbons, terpenes, N-methyl pyrrolidone, esters, ketones, white spirit, perfluoroalkanes, terpene alcohols, pentafluoropropanol, glycol ethers, petroleum distillates, glycol ether acetates, fluoroethers, 1,1-dichloroethane, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride. b. Alternative Technologies: No-clean fluxes, plasma cleaning, ice particles, thermal vacuum deoiling, supercritical fluids, controlled atmosphere soldering, pressurized gases, ultraviolet light/ozone cleaning, low-solid fluxes, no-clean solder pastes, steam cleaning, solderability preservatives (organic, polymeric, and metallic), reactive gas soldering, conductive adhesives, organic acid fluxes. Sterilization: a. Substitutes for CFC-12, currently used as a carrier for ethylene oxide: HCFC-124, HFC-125, HFC-134a, carbon dioxide, nitrogen b. Alternative Technologies: Steam, dry heat, pure ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, chlorine dioxide, gaseous ozone, vapor phase hydrogen peroxide, ionized gas plasma, selective component sterilization, radiation, disposables. Foam Blowing-Polyurethane, Flexible Slabstock: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substance (CFC-11): HCFC-141b, HCFC-123, methylene chloride, increased water, acetone, methyl chloroform (interim), AB technology, liquid carbon dioxide. b. Alternative Technologies: New polyol technologies c. Alternative products: Fiberfill, natural latex foams, polyester batting Foam Blowing-Polyurethane, Flexible Molded: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substance (CFC-11): HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, increased water, methylene chloride, methyl chloroform (interim). b. Alternative Technologies: New polyol technologies Foam Blowing-Polyurethane, Rigid Appliance Insulation: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances (CFC-11 and CFC -12): HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HCFC-123/HCFC- 141b, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, carbon dioxide from increased water, 100% carbon dioxide, perfluoroalkanes, fluorinated ethers, pentane, isopentane, hexane, partially fluorinated alkanes, all-water-blown systems, air. b. Alternative Products: Fiberglass, vacuum panels Foam Blowing-Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Rigid Laminated Insulation: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances (CFC-11 and CFC -12): HCFC-123, HFC-152a, HFC-125, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HCFC-123/HCFC-141b, HCFC -22/HCFC-142b, 2-chloropropane, perfluoroalkanes, 100% carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide from increased water, partially fluorinated alkanes, air. b. Alternative Products: Expanded polystyrene, fiberboard, fiberglass Foam Blowing-Polyurethane Rigid Spray-Applied, Slabstock, and Poured-in- place: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances (CFC-11 and CFC -12): HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HFC-134a, HCFC-123/HCFC-141b, carbon dioxide from increased water, 100% carbon dioxide (all-water- blown), pentane, isopentane, partially fluorinated alkanes, air. b. Alternative Products: Fiberglass, expanded polystyrene, etc. Foam Blowing-Polyurethane Integral Skin and Miscellaneous a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substance (CFC-11): HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, isopentane, pentane, butane, methylene chloride, air, water, acetone, partially fluorinated alkanes, perfluorinated alkanes. Foam Blowing-Phenolics: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances (CFC-11, CFC- 113): HCFC-141b, HCFC-123, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HCFC-142b, pentane b. Alternative Products: Fiberglass, expanded polystyrene, etc. Foam Blowing-Polystyrene Extruded Boardstock a. Substitutes for currently used controlled substances (CFC-12): HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HCFC-124, HFC-152a, hydrocarbons b. Alternative Products: Expandable polystyrene, fiberboard Foam Blowing-Extruded Sheet: a. Substitutes for currently used controlled substance (HCFC-22) HFC-152a, HFC-134a, carbon dioxide, n-pentane, butane, isopentane, isobutane. Foam Blowing, Polyolefin: a. Substitutes for currently used controlled substances (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114): HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, HCFC-141b, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, butane, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, methylene chloride. b. Alternative Products: Paper, cardboard, expanded polystyrene Pesticide Formulations: a. Substitutes for CFC-113 and MCF, controlled substances currently used as inerts: HCFCs, water-based with hydrocarbons, methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene. b. Alternative Technologies: Alternative application methods Aerosols/Pressurized Containers: a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, MCF): HFC-125, HCFC-124, HFC-134a, HCFC-123, HCFC-22, HCFC-123/HCFC-141b, HCFC- 22/HCFC-142b, HCFC-22/HFC-152a, water-based formulations, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride, acetone, ethanol, petroleum distillates, isobutane/propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, compressed air, perchloroethylene, propane, isobutane, n-butane, alcohols, ketones, esters, chlorinated solvents. b. Alternative Technologies: Alternative delivery systems (e.g., pumps and pistons) Adhesives: a. Substitutes for MCF, currently used as a solvent in the adhesive formulation: Petroleum distillates, methylene chloride, ketones, esters, terpenes, glycol ethers, glycol esters, perchloroethylene, glycol ether acetates, hydrocarbon solvents, water-based solvents. b. Alternative Technologies: Hot melt, high-solids, uv-curable Coatings and inks: a. Chemical Substitutes: Petroleum distillates, methylene chloride, ketones, esters, terpenes, glycol ethers, glycol esters, diluents, terpene alcohols, binders, perchloroethylene, glycol ether acetates, hydrocarbon solvents. b. Alternative technologies for current formulations containing MCF as solvent: Water-based formulations, high-solids, high transfer efficiency, thermoplastics, powder coatings, radiation curing. Fire Extinguishing: a. Chemical Substitutes: Halon 1211-bromodifuoromethane (interim), HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HFC-23, HCFC -124, HFC-125, HCFC-123/HCFC-142b, HCFC-123/HCFC-22, HCFC-123/HFC-23, HCFC-123/HCFC-124, heptafluoropropane, heptafluoropropane/ bromodifluoromethane, water, aqueous film-forming foam, CO2, perfluorinated butane, dry chemical. Halon 1301-bromodifluoromethane (interim), HFC-125, heptafluoropropane, bromodifluoromethane/heptafluoropropane, water, CO2, CO2/water hybrid, perfluorinated butane. EPA may evaluate some of the substitutes listed above under its Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program. Because this evaluation is not yet complete, no conclusions should be drawn about the acceptability of any of these substitutes. Appendix A Section 602: Listing of Class I and Class II Substances Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 Class I Substances Group I chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113) chlorofluorocarbon-114 (CFC-114) chlorofluorocarbon-115 (CFC-115) Group II halon-1211 halon-1301 halon-2402 Group III chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13) chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111) chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112) chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-211) chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212) chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213) chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214) chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215) chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216) chlorofluorocarbon-217 (CFC-217) Group IV carbon tetrachloride Group V methyl chloroform Class II Substances hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132 (HCFC-132) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133 (HCFC-133) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141 (HCFC-141) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142 (HCFC-142) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221 (HCFC-221) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222 (HCFC-222) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-223 (HCFC-223) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224 (HCFC-224) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225 (HCFC-225) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226 (HCFC-226) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231 (HCFC-231) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232 (HCFC-232) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233 (HCFC-233) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234 (HCFC-234) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235 (HCFC-235) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241 (HCFC-241) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242 (HCFC-242) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243 (HCFC-243) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244 (HCFC-244) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251 (HCFC-251) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252 (HCFC-252) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253 (HCFC-253) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261 (HCFC-261) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262 (HCFC-262) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271 (HCFC-271) [FR Doc. 92-942 Filed 1-15-92; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560-50-M